scholarly journals Illness, Death, and Macronutrients: Adequacy of Rural Mozambican Household Production of Macronutrients in the Face of HIV/AIDS

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2_suppl2) ◽  
pp. S331-S338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Donovan ◽  
Jaquelino Massingue
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
The North ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
Drug Interventions ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background As the public sector and civil society develop intervention programs to deal with the HIV/ AIDS epidemic, there has been an increasing emphasis on the relationship between nutrition and the disease. Drug interventions may be ineffective, and the progression from HIV infection to full-blown AIDS may be accelerated without adequate nutrition. Mozambique is still fighting an increasing prevalence rate of HIV, including in rural areas. Rural households in Mozambique rely heavily on their own agricultural production for the basic macronutrients. Objectives To evaluate the extent to which household agricultural production of basic staples meets overall household needs for major macronutrients, comparing households affected and not directly affected by HIV/ AIDS and other major illnesses over two time periods. Methods This research analyzes nationally representative panel data from rural household surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005 to evaluate whether households that have suffered the chronic illness or illness-related death of prime-age adult members (15 to 49 years of age) are more vulnerable to macronutrient gaps. Results Households in the South and in the North with a male illness or death in 2002 produced significantly less macronutrients from crops in 2005 than nonaffected households. These households also had significantly lower income per adult equivalent. Conclusions Mortality or illness from HIV/AIDS affects the ability of agricultural households dependent on own-food production to produce macronutrients. Interventions to improve access to food may be needed for affected households, particularly in light of their inability to recover over time. More analysis is needed to understand income sources, crop diversification, and access to macronutrients through the market.

MORE ON THE QUESTION OF RURAL AREAS MULTIFUNCTIONALITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2397-2415
Author(s):  
A.I. Kostyaev ◽  
◽  
S.B. Letunov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Functions ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Specially Protected Natural Areas ◽  
Protected Natural Areas ◽  
Market Perception ◽  
Market Consequences

The approaches of Russian and foreign scientists to studying rural areas multifunctionality differ significantly. Domestic researchers consider this problem from the standpoint of public goods in agricultural production, agricultural production diversification, rural population livelihoods, land use, and sustainable development of rural areas. In all cases, we are talking about implementation of functions within rural areas without raising the question of buying and selling their intangible attributes. In foreign publications, two pragmatic approaches are seen within the concept of multifunctionality. The first approach is the market perception of rural areas as consumer spaces. In this case, the intangible attributes of the territories (landscape, nature, heritage or culture) are considered as a sold and bought product. The second approach is an approach from the standpoint of protection against negative market consequences in international food trade. The non-productive functions of agriculture are taken into account in the WTO negotiations as non-trade factors. This helps to protect the agriculture of many countries from the destructive effects of foreign trade. The article proposes to move from staged studies of the issue of multifunctionality to a constructive consideration of the material and non-material potential for implementing the rural areas' production and non-production functions. The purpose of the study is to determine the material and non-material basis of rural areas multifunctionality using the example of the North-West of Russia. The objectives of the study are to establish the capabilities of rural areas to perform their functions of: a) the international, b) the federal, c) the regional and d) the local significance; and on the basis of the idea of multifunctionality, to determine the ways for creating consumer spaces in rural areas. The following methods were used: decomposition of goals, the index one, the monographic and the grouping method. We used the materials by: Rosstat, Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, Ministry of Culture of Russia. Municipal areas with the orientation of agricultural products to the international, federal and regional markets have been identified. The characteristic of intangible attributes - the carriers of non-production functions of rural areas for the international, federal, regional and local levels - was given. The objects of specially protected natural areas and objects of cultural heritage are considered in accordance with their level of importance. The sequence of forming the consumer spaces in rural areas has been established in the direction from defining a geographical image through creating an image to developing a brand.

Needle and Syringe Programs in the Community: Responding to Multiple and Diverse Needs

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Clive Aspin
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Integral Component ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Needle And Syringe Programs ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractNeedle and syringe programs (NSP) are an integral component of Australia's response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and as such, have been in place since the early days of the epidemic. Because of their early implementation, they have played a key role in helping to stem the spread of HIV among people who inject drugs. Also, they have been instrumental in ensuring that clients have had access to appropriate resources and education. However, these programs have often operated in the face of considerable resistance from a range of stakeholders and in particular, local communities. This article provides an insider's perspective on the operation of a large Sydney NSP and describes how the Program caters to the expressed needs of all members of the community, while continuing to provide an effective and responsive health service to people who inject drugs.

scholarly journals The Role of Type 2 Diabetes for the Development of Pathogen-Associated Cancers in the Face of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Blumenthal ◽  
Sylvia Ujma ◽  
Arieh A. Katz ◽  
Georgia Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Rural areas of russia’s north-west borderland: problems and development paths

Baltic Region ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Аlexander I. Kostyaev
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
North West ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
The North ◽  
Major Development ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
Development Trajectories ◽  
Recreational Resources

This article focuses on the rural areas of Russia’s North-West borderlands, particularly, the municipal districts and towns that are closest to the national border. The study aims to identify problems in the development of these territories and provide solutions to them. The methodological framework employed is the neo-endogenous approach, which suggests the maximal multifunctionality-driven use of internal resources, bottom-up initiatives supported by the authorities, extensive use of innovations, the Internet, and scientific knowledge. The study takes into account and assesses the heterogeneity of rural areas by producing a typology of districts built on the structure of agricultural production, using the Hall-Tideman index. The study used several indicators to identify the role and place of border districts in their respective regions. Three types of districts were distinguished according to the structure of agricultural production: districts dominated by agricultural organisations, districts dominated by small farms, and mixed-type districts. Cross-district differences in output dynamics were described. The socially essential functions of rural areas and the economic entities performing those functions were identified. The analysis of the recreational resources of border districts helped to determine the directions in which the transformation of rural areas into consumer spaces was moving. The major development trajectories of rural areas were plotted using the non-endogenous approach and differentiated by the district types. The rural areas of the North-West borderlands were confirmed to have a unique and diverse resource potential that is sufficient to ensure their sustainable development based on the non-endogenous approach.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic features of HIV infection in three municipalities of inner Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter A. Eyer-Silva ◽  
Maria Alessandra Leite Freire ◽  
Mary Lúcia Gayão ◽  
Carlos Alberto Basílio-de-Oliveira ◽  
Mariza G. Morgado
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Janeiro State ◽  
Hiv Aids

In Brazil relatively little attention is being paid to the study of the features of the spread of the AIDS epidemic towards small cities and rural areas. We report a descriptive study on the epidemiological features of HIV infection among 208 adult patients seen between July 1999 and May 2006 in the municipal HIV/AIDS Programs of three cities of inner Rio de Janeiro State: Saquarema, Santo Antonio de Pádua and Miracema. A portrait of a heterosexual epidemic emerged, with an overall male to female ratio of 1.1. More than 90% were residents of the studied cities, demonstrating a local demand for HIV-related assistance and the importance of municipal HIV/AIDS Programs. Past or current use of snorted cocaine was reported by a quarter of the patients. Older age and male gender were independent predictors of having a diagnosis of AIDS at presentation. The latter is in accordance with a more recent wave of epidemic spread towards female gender. A low frequency of male circumcision, an important determinant of heterosexual HIV transmission, was recorded. Almost 60% of the patients first presented in advanced stages of HIV infection, suggesting the existence of a large pool of undiagnosed cases in the community.

scholarly journals Alternative Income Sources in the Agriculture of Settlements Along the Hortobágy

2003 ◽  
pp. 234-239
Author(s):  
Bernadett Bainé Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Programme

Agriculture has played a dominant role among the income sources of population living along the Hortobágy just like in any other rural areas. I represent the situations of settlements along the Hortobágy by studying four of them, such as Balmazújváros, Hortobágy, Tiszacsege and Egyek. Big companies having worked in the examined settlements had significance in ensuring local working facilities, and restraining people from leaving. Acts dating back to the beginning of the 1990’ies, privatisation, transformation of the state farm and co-operatives have decreased the rate of employment in agriculture. Alternative income sources relating to agriculture, such as bio-farming by alternative plants, herb production and rural tourism will determine the future of agriculture in this area due to the closeness of the Hortobágy National Park, the unique but unfavourable natural conditions for agricultural production, financial aids by the National Agricultural Environmental Programme and the imminent EU-membership. In this way supporting these activities may ensure the livelihood of ex-agricultural workers and alternative income for those working in agriculture.I am going to deal with two issues in this article:• with the change of the role of agriculture in the examined settlements,• with economic analyses of alternative income sources by a model of a family farm.

scholarly journals RESPOSTAS DO CAMPO DA PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE NO ENFRENTAMENTO AO HIV/AIDS: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DA LITERATURA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Gilberto de Miranda Ribeiro Buso Gomes ◽  
Carlos André Rodrigues ◽  
Cléria Maria Lobo Bittar ◽  
Regina Célia de Souza Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
The Face ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv Aids

Objetivo: investigar e analisar as respostas do campo da promoção da saúde no enfrentamento ao HIV/AIDS. Método: revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as respostas do campo da promoção da saúdeno fenômeno do HIV/AIDS. Busca em três bases de dados: SCIELO, DOAJ, CAPES. Descritores: síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida; HIV; promoção da saúde. Foram selecionados 10 estudos. Resultados: Com a pesquisafoi possível perceber ações de prevenção e promoção da saúde no enfrentamento ao fenômeno do HIV/AIDS, bem como ações coletivas de educação em saúde e políticas públicas de saúde objetivando a intersetorialidade e a autonomia. Conclusões: Com a realização da pesquisa reflete-se que o campo da promoção da saúde possui respostas significativas no enfrentamento à epidemia do HIV/AIDS, no entanto, mais estudos deverão ser realizados no intuito de fortalecer o arcabouço teórico-metodológico da promoção da saúde e em ações de saúde, visando à melhoria da qualidade de vida e escolhas de vida mais saudáveis, por parte de indivíduos e populações.Palavras-chave: Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida; HIV; Promoção da Saúde; Revisão Sistemática. RESPONSES OF THE FIELD OF HEALTH PROMOTION TO FACE HIV/AIDS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEWABSTRACT: Objective: to investigate and analyze the responses of the field of health promotion in the face of HIV / AIDS. Method: systematic review of the literature on the responses of the field of health promotion in the phenomenon of HIV / AIDS. Search in three databases: SCIELO, DOAJ, CAPES. Keywords: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV; health promotion. Ten studies were selected. Results: With the research it was possible to perceive actions of prevention and health promotion in the face of the HIV / AIDS phenomenon, as well as collective actions of health education and public health policies aiming at intersectoriality and autonomy. Conclusions: The research carried out reflects the fact that the field of health promotion has significant responses to the HIV / AIDS epidemic; however, further studies should be carried out to strengthen the theoretical-methodological framework for health promotion and health actions, aimed at improving the quality of life and healthier life choices, by individuals and populations.Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; HIV; Health promotion; Systematic review.

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS in Europe: concern and optimism in the face of continual threat

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Dougan
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Region ◽  
European Centre ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Epidemiological Monitoring ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hiv Aids

The HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe mid-year report 2002 published by the European centre for the epidemiological monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV, http://www.eurohiv.org) clearly illustrates that the HIV/AIDS epidemic affecting the World Health Organization European region consists of a multitude of diverse epidemics differing in time, place, person, and severity (1).

scholarly journals Programmatic implications of a cost study of home-based care programs in South Africa

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Homan ◽  
Catherine Searle
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Cost Study ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Home Based Care ◽  
Hiv Aids

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has meant that an increasing number of chronically ill people need ongoing assistance with care and support. Programs providing home-based care (HBC) services are a key component of the response to HIV/AIDS. However, few programs are using operations research, including cost studies, to decide what services to provide and how to structure their services. In 2004, the Horizons Program undertook a study of six HBC programs from different South African provinces to provide key information to NGOs, government ministries, donors, and the programs themselves to inform decisions about service delivery. The study analyzed the cost of HBC services, the best use of resources, and how well programs are able to meet the needs of beneficiaries and their families. The sample represents programs that operate in rural areas and informal settlements. This brief focuses on the coverage, organization, volume, and costs of the services and on findings from two of the methods of data collection: financial records and service statistics, and interviews with financial officers, program managers, and caregivers.

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