scholarly journals Reading sentences of words with rotated letters: An eye movement study

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1790-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel I Blythe ◽  
Barbara J Juhasz ◽  
Lee W Tbaily ◽  
Keith Rayner ◽  
Simon P Liversedge
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Movement Study

Participants’ eye movements were measured as they read sentences in which individual letters within words were rotated. Both the consistency of direction and the magnitude of rotation were manipulated (letters rotated all in the same direction, or alternately clockwise and anti-clockwise, by 30° or 60°). Each sentence included a target word that was manipulated for frequency of occurrence. Our objectives were threefold: To quantify how change in the visual presentation of individual letters disrupted word identification, and whether disruption was consistent with systematic change in visual presentation; to determine whether inconsistent letter transformation caused more disruption than consistent letter transformation; and to determine whether such effects were comparable for words that were high and low frequency to explore the extent to which they were visually or linguistically mediated. We found that disruption to reading was greater as the magnitude of letter rotation increased, although even small rotations affected processing. The data also showed that alternating letter rotations were significantly more disruptive than consistent rotations; this result is consistent with models of lexical identification in which encoding occurs over units of more than one adjacent letter. These rotation manipulations also showed significant interactions with word frequency on the target word: Gaze durations and total fixation duration times increased disproportionately for low-frequency words when they were presented at more extreme rotations. These data provide a first step towards quantifying the relative contribution of the spatial relationships between individual letters to word recognition and eye movement control in reading.

scholarly journals Unspaced text interferes with both word identification and eye movement control

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1129-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Rayner ◽  
Martin H. Fischer ◽  
Alexander Pollatsek
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Eye Movement Control

The Role of Hyphens at the Constituent Boundary in Compound Word Identification

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Bertram ◽  
Jukka Hyönä
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Movement Study

The current eye-movement study investigated whether a salient segmentation cue like the hyphen facilitates the identification of long and short compound words. The study was conducted in Finnish, where compound words exist in great abundance. The results showed that long hyphenated compounds (musiikki-ilta) are identified faster than concatenated ones (yllätystulos), but short hyphenated compounds (ilta-asu) are identified slower than their concatenated counterparts (kesäsää). This pattern of results is explained by the visual acuity principle ( Bertram & Hyönä, 2003 ): A long compound word does not fully fit in the foveal area, where visual acuity is at its best. Therefore, its identification begins with the access of the initial constituent and this sequential processing is facilitated by the hyphen. However, a short compound word fits in the foveal area, and consequently the hyphen slows down processing by encouraging sequential processing in cases where it is possible to extract and use information of the second constituent as well.

Eye movements when reading sentences with handwritten words

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Perea ◽  
Ana Marcet ◽  
Beatriz Uixera ◽  
Marta Vergara-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Lexical Effects

The examination of how we read handwritten words (i.e., the original form of writing) has typically been disregarded in the literature on reading. Previous research using word recognition tasks has shown that lexical effects (e.g., the word-frequency effect) are magnified when reading difficult handwritten words. To examine this issue in a more ecological scenario, we registered the participants’ eye movements when reading handwritten sentences that varied in the degree of legibility (i.e., sentences composed of words in easy vs. difficult handwritten style). For comparison purposes, we included a condition with printed sentences. Results showed a larger reading cost for sentences with difficult handwritten words than for sentences with easy handwritten words, which in turn showed a reading cost relative to the sentences with printed words. Critically, the effect of word frequency was greater for difficult handwritten words than for easy handwritten words or printed words in the total times on a target word, but not on first-fixation durations or gaze durations. We examine the implications of these findings for models of eye movement control in reading.

The E-Z Reader model of eye-movement control in reading: Comparisons to other models

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik D. Reichle ◽  
Keith Rayner ◽  
Alexander Pollatsek
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Components Of Reading ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

The E-Z Reader model (Reichle et al. 1998; 1999) provides a theoretical framework for understanding how word identification, visual processing, attention, and oculomotor control jointly determine when and where the eyes move during reading. In this article, we first review what is known about eye movements during reading. Then we provide an updated version of the model (E-Z Reader 7) and describe how it accounts for basic findings about eye movement control in reading. We then review several alternative models of eye movement control in reading, discussing both their core assumptions and their theoretical scope. On the basis of this discussion, we conclude that E-Z Reader provides the most comprehensive account of eye movement control during reading. Finally, we provide a brief overview of what is known about the neural systems that support the various components of reading, and suggest how the cognitive constructs of our model might map onto this neural architecture.

Reading Disappearing Text

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Rayner ◽  
Simon P. Liversedge ◽  
Sarah J. White ◽  
Dorine Vergilino-Perez
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
Control Models

Participants read sentences containing high- or low-frequency target words under normal reading conditions or disappearing-text conditions (in which the word that was fixated disappeared after 60 ms). Even though the fixated word had disappeared after 60 ms, there was still a robust frequency effect wherein readers fixated longer on low-frequency words than on high-frequency words. Thus, the results are consistent with cognitive-control models of eye movement control and inconsistent with visual/oculomotor-control models. Although the uptake of visual information is clearly important for reading, it is the cognitive processes associated with understanding the fixated words that drive the eyes through the text.

Synthesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 442-514
Author(s):  
Erik D. Reichle
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Models Of Reading

This chapter opens with a discussion of the limitations of current models of reading, and moves on to the reasons why more comprehensive models of reading are necessary to advance our understanding of the mental, perceptual, and motoric processes that support reading. The chapter then provides a comparative analysis of the various approaches that have been adopted to model reading, and how the theoretical assumptions of models of word identification, sentence processing, discourse representation, and eye-movement control might be combined to build a more comprehensive model of reading in its entirety. The remainder of the chapter then describes one such model, Über-Reader, and a series of simulations to illustrate how the model explains word identification, sentence processing, the encoding and recall of discourse meaning, and the patterns of eye movements that are observed during reading. The final sections of the chapter then address both the limitations and possible future applications of the model.

scholarly journals Eye-Movement Evidence for Object-Based Attention in Chinese Reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Liu ◽  
Erik D. Reichle
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Word Frequencies

Is attention allocated to only one word or to multiple words at any given time during reading? The experiments reported here addressed this question using a novel paradigm inspired by classic findings on object-based attention. In Experiment 1, participants ( N = 18) made lexical decisions about one of two spatially colocated Chinese words or nonwords. Our main finding was that only the attended word’s frequency influenced response times and accuracy. In Experiment 2, participants ( N = 30) read target words embedded in two spatially colocated Chinese sentences. Our key finding here was that only target-word frequencies influenced looking times and fixation positions. These results support the hypothesis that words are attended in a strictly serial (and perhaps object-based) manner during reading. The theoretical implications of this conclusion are discussed in relation to models of eye-movement control during reading and the conceptualization of words as visual objects.

The role of personality characteristics in informing our preference for visual presentation: An eye movement study

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam Al-Samarraie ◽  
Samer Muthana Sarsam ◽  
Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani ◽  
Nasser Alalwan ◽  
Mona Masood
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Movement Study

Models of the Reading Architecture

2021 ◽  
pp. 357-441
Author(s):  
Erik D. Reichle
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Large Representative ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter describes what has been learned about reading architecture, or how the mental processes that support word identification, sentence processing, and discourse representation during reading are coordinated with the systems that support vision, attention, and eye-movement control. The chapter reviews key findings that shed light on the nature of reading architecture, mainly using the results of eye-movement experiments. The chapter then reviews precursor theories and models of the reading architecture—early attempts to explain and simulate reading in its entirety. The chapter goes on to review a large, representative sample of the models that have been used to simulate and understand natural reading. Models are reviewed in their order of development to show how they have evolved to accommodate new empirical findings. The chapter concludes with an explicit comparative analysis of the models and a discussion of the empirical findings that each model can and cannot explain.

scholarly journals The game of word skipping: Who are the competitors?

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Engbert ◽  
Reinhold Kliegl
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Word Skipping

Computational models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT are ideal theoretical tools to test quantitatively our current understanding of eye-movement control in reading. Here we present a mathematical analysis of word skipping in the E-Z Reader model by semianalytic methods, to highlight the differences in current modeling approaches. In E-Z Reader, the word identification system must outperform the oculomotor system to induce word skipping. In SWIFT, there is competition among words to be selected as a saccade target. We conclude that it is the question of competitors in the “game” of word skipping that must be solved in eye movement research.

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