The Relative Incidence of Fractures at the Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Fingers in Children

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. AL-QATTAN ◽  
K. AL-ZAHRANI ◽  
A. A. AL-BOUKAI
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Type I ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fracture Type ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Salter Harris ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Musculoskeletal Radiologist

There is debate regarding the most common fracture type at the base of the proximal phalanx of the fingers in children prior to closure of the epiphysis. In total, 100 consecutive children presenting with 103 fractures were included in a prospective study and their X-rays were reviewed by a consultant musculoskeletal radiologist. The study included 61 boys and 39 girls with a mean age of 10 (range 4–14) years. The most common fracture observed was the juxta-epiphyseal type II fracture (53%), followed by the Salter–Harris type II fracture (26%). Other fractures observed included Salter–Harris type I (4%), Salter–Harris type IV (5%), juxta-epiphyseal type I (8%), transverse metaphyseal (2%) and oblique metaphyseal (2%).

The Relative Incidence of Fractures at the Base of the Proximal Phalanx of the Thumb in Children

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. AL-QATTAN ◽  
K. AL-ZAHRANI ◽  
A. A. AL-BOUKAI
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Proximal Phalanx ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fracture Type ◽  
Relative Incidence ◽  
Salter Harris ◽  
Type Of Fracture

There is disagreement in the literature about the most common fracture type at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in children below the age of adolescence. In this prospective study, 58 consecutive children aged 10 years or less with isolated fractures of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb were included and their radiographs were reviewed. The study included 38 boys and 20 girls with a mean age of 8 (range 1–10) years. After excluding one patient, in whom the type of fracture could not be determined, the most common fracture in the remaining 57 cases was the Salter–Harris type II fracture (72%), followed by the juxta-epiphyseal type II fracture (18%).

Giant Cell Tumours of Tendon Sheath: Classification and Recurrence Rate

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. AL-QATTAN
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Giant Cell Tumour ◽  
Tendon Sheath ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Giant Cell Tumours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Prospective Study

Forty-three consecutive cases of giant cell tumour of tendon sheath were included in a prospective study. The tumours were classified into two main types, depending on whether the entire tumour was, or was not, surrounded by one pseudocapsule as assessed by the surgeon during surgery. Each type was then sub-classified according to the thickness of the capsule, lobulation of the tumour, the presence of satellite lesions, and the diffuse or multicenteric nature of the tumour: these factors were also assessed by the surgeon. The mean follow-up period was 4 (range, 2–6) years. None of the type I tumours ( n=30) recurred, but recurrence occurred in five out of 13 type II tumours. Second recurrences were seen with type II B and C, but not type II A tumours.

scholarly journals Facial nerve branching pattern as seen in parotidectomy in Kashmiri population: our experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Aijaz Khaliq ◽  
Jasif Nisar ◽  
Aamir Yousuf ◽  
Tabish Maqbool ◽  
Rauf Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Type I ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Kashmiri Population ◽  
Type V ◽  
A Prospective Study

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> A prospective study to analyze the facial nerve branching pattern as seen in various parotidectomy surgeries in Kashmiri population. Main objective was to find out various branching patterns among peripheral branches of facial nerve in parotid tissue so that new young ENT surgeons could get benefited and it should be easy for them to perform parotid surgeries with less complications and unpredictable outcome.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The prospective study was conducted in 35 patients undergoing superficial parotidectomy in our department of otorhinolaryngology GMC Srinagar over a period of one and half year. Facial nerve branching pattern was classified according to the description given by Davis et al. Branching pattern of main trunk was also observed in all cases.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The most common type of branching pattern of facial nerve in our study was type I seen in 12 (34.2%) patients, followed by type III seen in 9 (25.7%), followed by type II in 5 (14.2%), type IV in 4 (11.4%) patients, followed by type V in 3 (8.5%) and VI in 2 (5.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Type I branching pattern is the most common branching pattern of the facial nerve (34.2%) followed by type III (25.7%), following the pattern as described by Davis. Main trunk was found single in 32 (91.4%%) patients however in 3 (8.57%) patients trunk was dividing in 2 branches before dividing in peripheral branching pattern as described above. </p>

Medial Orbital Wall Fractures: Classification and Clinical Profile

1995 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix P. Nolasco ◽  
Robert H. Mathog
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Bone ◽  
Type I ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Severity Of Injury ◽  
Orbital Wall ◽  
Medial Orbital Wall

This article reports our experience and proposes a clinical classification regarding medial orbital wall fractures. After a retrospective analysis of 2741 patients with facial fractures, we were able to evaluate 273 patients with 304 medial orbital wall fractures. The male-to-female ratio was 5:1, and most injuries involved the left orbit. Most fractures were caused by personal altercations, but more complex injuries were noted with automobile accidents and falls. Fractures were divided into types based on location and severity of injury: type I (confined to the medial orbital wall), type II (medial orbital wall continuous with floor), type III (medial orbital wall with floor-malar fractures), and type IV (medial orbital wall and complex midfacial injuries). Although visual loss (2%), diplopia (41%), and enophthalmos (12%) were seen, diplopia and enophthalmos were commonly observed with type II injuries. Imaging studies showed that about 52% of the fractures were associated with prolapse of orbital fat, but only 43% could be diagnosed with plain x rays. Type I fractures were generally explored through a frontoethmoid incision; other types were treated with subciliary or transconjunctival approaches. The usual treatment consisted of repositioning the fragments and repair of the wall with polyethylene mesh or cranial bone graft. Type I and type II fractures seemed best explained by the hydraulic mechanism of injury, whereas the type III and type IV fractures best fitted the buckling theory.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

scholarly journals Brachial supporting structure of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Yuan ◽  
Wen Guo ◽  
Dan Lyu ◽  
Yuanlin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

Abstract The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it subsequently gave rise to Type-IV by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. The evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified because two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to possible shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.

Treatment of Leg and Face Veins with a Cryogen Spray, Variable Pulse Width 1064 nm Nd:Yag Laser—A Prospective Study of 47 Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Y. Li ◽  
Sorin Eremia
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Nd:Yag Laser ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Skin Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
High Fluences ◽  
Vein Segment ◽  
The Face ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Reticular Veins

Objective: Throughout the 1990s, laser treatment of leg veins was a challenge. Newer, longer wavelength lasers capable of delivering high fluences with larger spot sizes with a variable pulse width have shown promising preliminary results. Experience with these lasers for treatment of facial telangiectasia and periorbital reticular veins is even more scant. To our knowledge this is the first prospective study to evaluate a variable pulse width, cryogen spray—equipped 1064 nm Nd:Yag laser for both the treatment of leg and face veins, including larger periorbital reticular veins. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven volunteers aged 32–67 years (30 with skin type I-V with leg telangiectasia and reticular veins, and 17 with skin type I-IV with face telangiectasia and reticular periorbital veins) were treated with the Nd:Yag laser. For leg vein patients, 2–3 sets of different leg veins were treated with a maximum of 3 treatments. Patients were examined 1 week after each treatment and at 1, 2, and 3 months after the last treatment. All face vein patients received 1 treatment and were examined at 1 month posttreatment. Treatment parameters for both leg and face veins varied with the size of vessels being treated. Pre- and posttreatment 35 mm photos were taken. Improvement was judged by 2 experienced physicians both visually on patients and by comparison of pre- and posttreatment photos. Results were graded as percent resolution in 5 groups: 0%, 0–25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, and 75–100%. Results: Twenty-three of 30 patients completed the leg vein segment of the study. A total of 41 leg vein sites were treated. Greater than 75% improvement was observed at 85% of the treated sites. Greater than 50% improvement was observed at 95% of the treated sites. Less than 25% improvement was observed at 5% of the treated sites. Seventeen of 17 patients completed the face vein segment of the study, and 32 sites were treated (24 cheeks, noses, and chin telangiectasia and 8 periorbital reticular veins). Greater than 75% improvement was observed at 97% of the treated sites. Greater than 50% improvement was observed at 100% of the treated sites. Notably, 100% of the facial reticular veins treated had essentially 100% resolution. Pain during treatment was variably perceived by patients, but was occasionally sufficient for patients to decline further treatment. Transient hemosiderin pigmentation, as seen with sclerotherapy, was common with larger vessels. Conclusion: The cryogen spray-equipped 1064 nm Nd: Yag laser was remarkably effective and safe for skin type I-V patients. Excellent results for leg veins, approaching sclerotherapy outcomes, were obtained for both 0.3–1.5 mm telangiectasia and larger 1.5–3.0 mm reticular veins. Furthermore, this 1064 Nd:Yag laser is also an outstanding tool for treatment of facial telangiectasia with little if any risk of purpura. For the first time we appear to have a safe and effective treatment for 1–2 mm periorbital reticular veins. The use of topical anesthesia may be needed for some patients.

Response properties of units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized decerebrate gerbil

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Davis ◽  
J. Ding ◽  
T. E. Benson ◽  
H. F. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
Excitatory Response ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Noise Type ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Excitatory Responses

1. The electrophysiological responses of single units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized decerebrate Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) were recorded. Units were classified according to the response map scheme of Evans and Nelson as modified by Young and Brownell, Young and Voigt, and Shofner and Young. Type II units have a V-shaped excitatory response map similar to typical auditory nerve tuning curves but little or no spontaneous activity (SpAc < 2.5 spikes/s) and little or no response to noise. Type I/III units also have a V-shaped excitatory map and SpAc < 2.5 spikes/s, but have an excitatory response to noise. Type III units have a V-shaped excitatory map with inhibitory sidebands, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. Type IV-T units typically also have a V-shaped excitatory map with inhibitory sidebands, but have a highly nonmonotonic rate versus level response to best frequency (BF) tones like type IV units, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. Type IV units have a predominantly inhibitory response map above an island of excitation of BF, SpAc > 2.5 spikes/s, and an excitatory response to noise. We present results for 133 units recorded with glass micropipette electrodes. The purpose of this study was to establish a normative response map data base in this species for ongoing structure/function and correlation studies. 2. The major types of units (type II, type I/III, type III, type IV-T, and type IV) found in decerebrate cat are found in decerebrate gerbil. However, the percentage of type II (7.5%) and type IV (11.3%) units encountered are smaller and the percentage of type III (62.4%) units is larger in decerebrate gerbil than in decerebrate cat. In comparison, Shofner and Young found 18.5% type II units, 30.6% type IV units, and 23.1% type III units using metal electrodes. 3. Two new unit subtypes are described in gerbil: type III-i and type IV-i units. Type III-i units are similar to type III units except that type III-i units are inhibited by low levels of noise and excited by high levels of noise whereas type III units have strictly excitatory responses to noise. Type IV-i units are similar to type IV units except that type IV-i units are excited by low levels of noise and become inhibited by high levels of noise whereas type IV units have strictly excitatory responses to noise. Type III-i units are approximately 30% of the type III population and type IV-i units are approximately 50% of the type IV population. 4. On the basis of the paucity of classic type II units and the reciprocal responses to broadband noise of type III-i and type IV-i units, we postulate that some gerbil type III-i units are the same cell type and have similar synaptic connections as cat type II units. 5. Type II and type I/III units are distinguished from one another on the basis of both their relative noise response, rho, and the normalized slope of the BF tone rate versus level functions beyond the first maximum. Previously, type II units were defined to be those nonspontaneously active units with rho values < 0.3 where rho is defined as the ratio of the maximum noise response minus spontaneous rate to the maximum BF tone response minus spontaneous rate. In the gerbil, the average rho value for type II units is 0.25, although a few values are > 0.3, and the rate-level curves are consistently nonmonotonic with normalized slopes steeper than than -0.007/dB. The average rho value for type I/III units is 0.54, although a few values are < 0.3, and the rate-level curves tend to saturate with slopes shallower than -0.006/dB. In general, the response properties of type II units recorded in gerbil are similar to those recorded in decerebrate cat. 6. In comparison to decerebrate cat, the lower percentage of type IV units recorded in decerebrate gerbil may be due to a species difference (a reduced number of type II units in gerbil) or an electrode bias.

scholarly journals Types of Lens Structure in Intumescent Cataract

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2S) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
E. S. Pirogova ◽  
O. L. Fabrikantov ◽  
S. I. Nikolashin
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Large White ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Purpose: to study the structure of the swelling lens, the dependence of its anatomical parameters on the nucleus sizes and density, patients’ age.Patients and methods. 52 patients with intumescent mature cataract were examined. All patients underwent phacoemulsification with a two-stage continuous circular capsulorhexis. After the 2–2.5 mm capsulorhexis had been created, the liquid lenticular masses were removed from the anterior and posterior lens compartment with the aspiration/irrigation system. Visually we determined the size of the nucleus, its color and density according to Buratto’s classification.Results. When performing this work 4 types of the swelling lens structure were revealed. Type I — a small emerging white nucleus with large amount of liquid lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment, II degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 49.09 ± 3.19 years old. The related ophthalmic diseases accounted for 36.4%. Type II — a large white nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. III degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 71.00 ± 1.92 years old. Associated diseases — 84.6%. Type III — a large brown nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. IV degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 75.84 ± 1.46 years old. Associated diseases — 100%. Type IV — a small, very dense, brown nucleus with liquid lenticular masses. V degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. Associated diseases — 100%.Conclusion. 4 types of lens structure in intumescent cataract were described depending on the nucleus size, density, the amount of the lenticular masses. By means of UBM method, it was shown that intumescent cataract is accompanied with the alterations of the ocular anterior segment parameters, which depend on the type of lens structure. It was revealed that the types of swelling lens structure are directly connected to the patients’ age: mean age of patients with type I — 49.09 ± 3.19 years old, with type II — 71.00 ± 1.92, with type III — 75.84 ± 1.46, with type IV — 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document