Justice as an Emotion Disposition

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Personal Virtue ◽  
Foregoing Discussion

In this tribute to the work of Robert Solomon, I address a topic that occupied him frequently in the last 20 years of his life, and about which he wrote a book and several articles: the relation(s) between the emotions and justice as a personal virtue. I hope to clarify Solomon’s views using three distinctions that seem implicit in his writings, among (1) justice as general virtue and justice as a particular virtue, (2) objective justice and justice as a virtue, and (3) an emotion and a passion. Using these three distinctions and a fourfold schema of emotional objects that seems implied by the foregoing discussion, I argue that an account of emotions like Solomon’s, which construes emotions as in crucial ways like judgments, contains resources for grasping in some detail how particular emotions are related to the virtue of justice. Among these emotions, I pay special attention to compassion.

scholarly journals Images of the Gentleman in Victorian Fiction

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mahmut Terci
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Victorian Fiction ◽  
Personal Virtue ◽  
Enormous Number ◽  
English Culture ◽  
Exact Definition

The term ‘gentleman’ has been used in English culture by an enormous number of people loading varied meanings to its concept. The idea of the ‘gentleman’ has attracted many historians, philosophers, religious figures and writers. Countless comments have been uttered and a large number of studies have been written about it and probably many more will be published in the future. Who were or are called gentlemen then or now? What qualities are necessary for a person to be a gentleman? How does a historian, a philosopher, a social scientist, a religious figure or a writer define the term gentleman? In which period of history being a gentleman was fashionable? The complex mixture of qualities expected in a gentleman such as his ‘birthright’, ‘education’, ‘wealth’, ‘income’, ‘vocation’, ‘civic responsibilities’ and ‘personal virtue’ have made it difficult to pinpoint exact definition. Although it has been hard for everybody to pinpoint an exact definition for the term because of its connotations with ‘masculinity’, ‘social class’, ‘manners’, ‘morality’ and ‘Englishness’ we have brought varied views of critics, writers and important figures to observe their point of views. We need to see the gentleman’s social position in the English gentry and his evolution from fifteenth century to nineteenth century. While the gentleman’s chivalric qualities used to play important roles as well as his social status and wealth in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the gentleman’s manners and morals gained more importance in the coming up centuriesThe purpose of this paper is to offer a clearer picture of the concept of the gentleman especially in the Victorian times.

scholarly journals The Moral Paradox of Adverse Possession: Sovereignty and Revolution in Property Law

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Katz
Keyword(s):  
Public Authority ◽  
Moral Problem ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Moral Significance ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Private Authority ◽  
Personal Virtue ◽  
Adverse Possession

On what grounds can we justify the transformation of squatters into owners? To understand the moral significance of adverse possession, the author proposes an analogy. Much of the moral analysis of adverse possession has proceeded on the basis that adverse possessors are land thieves. The author first explains why the analogy of adverse possessor to land thief is misleading. Then, she argues that there is a much closer analogy between adverse possession and revolution or, more precisely, a bloodless coup d’état. The recognition of the adverse possessor’s (private) authority solves the moral problem created by an agendaless object just as the recognition of the existing government’s (public) authority, whatever its origin, solves the moral problem of a stateless people. The morality of adverse possession, seen this way, does not turn on any particularized evaluation of the squatter’s deserts or her uses of the land. The author thus does not propose that adverse possession is justified in the same way that some argue a conscientious revolutionary is justified in resisting an oppressive or otherwise unjust sovereign. Rather, the morality of adverse possession is found where we might least expect it: in its positivist strategy of ratifying the claims to authority of a squatter without regard to the substantive merits of her agenda or her personal virtue.

Author’s Reply to discussion by Thyssen‐Bornemisza

Geophysics ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-216
Author(s):  
Sigmund Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Vertical Profile ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Foregoing Discussion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vertical Gradient Of Gravity

The foregoing discussion by Dr. Thyssen‐Bornemisza calls attention to interesting extensions of the rather simplified theoretical analysis in my paper. Dr. Thyssen‐Bornemisza has published extensively on the subject of the vertical gradient of gravity and its applications in exploration. My paper was limited to a very specific topic, namely the variability of the vertical gradient along a vertical profile above an anomalous mass.

scholarly journals FORTALEZAS Y VIRTUDES PERSONALES DEL PROFESORADO Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA EFICACIA DOCENTE

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Teresa Mª Perandones González ◽  
Lucía Herrera Torres ◽  
Asunción Lledó Carreres
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Personal Strengths ◽  
Personal Virtue ◽  
The One

Abstract.PERSONAL STRENGTHS AND VIRTUES OF TEACHERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH TEACHER SELF-EFFICACYThis study examines the relationship between personal strengths and virtues and teacher selfefficacy. For it, it is based on two theoretical frameworks, on the one hand, the contributions of Positive Psychology, and secondly, the principles of Social Cognitive Theory. The study was conducted at all levels of education, from Childhood education to Higher education, in two countries, Dominican Republic and Spain, with a sample of 454 teachers. The instruments used were the Personal Strengths Questionnaire VIA (Values in Action Inventory of Strengths: VIA-IS), which assesses personal strengths, and Teacher Efficacy Scale (Teacher Efficacy Scale), which measures two dimensions: Teacher Effectiveness and Personal Effectiveness. The results obtained through the analysis of correlation and regression indicate, firstly, significant correlations between the two dimensions of the Teacher Efficacy Scale and the six Personal Virtues, and, secondly, the predictive ability with respect to the Effectiveness teaching, a Personal Virtue: Humanity and Love. From this empirical justification, in discussions of work incorporate arises in the initial and continuing teacher education, the Personal Strengths and Virtues, since they are the basis for growth personal and professional effectiveness, well-being and development of the potential of each person.Keywords: personal strengths and virtues, teacher self-efficacy, well-being, love, personal and professional growthResumen.Este estudio analiza la relación entre las fortalezas y virtudes personales y la autoeficacia docente. Para ello se sustenta en dos marcos teóricos de referencia, por una parte, las aportaciones de la Psicología Positiva, y por otra, los postulados de la Teoría Social Cognitiva. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo en todos los niveles educativos, desde la Educación Infantil hasta la Educación Superior, en dos países; República Dominicana y España, con una muestra de 454 docentes. Los instrumentos utilizados han sido el Cuestionario VIA de Fortalezas Personales (Values in Action Inventory of Strengths: VIA-IS), que evalúa las fortalezas personales, y la Escala de Eficacia Docente (Teacher Efficacy Scale), la cual mide dos dimensiones: la Eficacia Docente y la Eficacia Personal. Los resultados obtenidos a través de los análisis de correlación y de regresión señalan, por una parte, correlaciones significativas entre las dos dimensiones de la Escala de Eficacia Docente y las seis Virtudes Personales; y, por otra, la capacidad predictiva, respecto a la Eficacia Docente, de una Virtud Personal: la Humanidad y el Amor. Partiendo de ésta justificación empírica, en las discusiones del trabajo se plantea la incorporación, en la formación inicial y permanente del profesorado, de las Fortalezas y Virtudes Personales, puesto que son la base para el crecimiento y la efectividad personal y profesional, el bienestar y el desarrollo de la potencialidad de cada persona.Palabras clave: fortalezas y virtudes personales, autoeficacia docente, bienestar, amor, crecimiento personal y profesional

scholarly journals A Jewish Family in 19th Century Memoirs: New Russian Christians of Jewish Descent

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-121
Author(s):  
George Prokhorov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Jewish Family ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Personal Virtue ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Jewish Descent ◽  
Jewish Families

In the article, I juxtapose the memoirs written at the turn of 20th century by new Russian Christians of Jewish descent, Alexander Alexeev (Wulf Nakhlas) and Arkadii Kovner. At the heart of these texts are memories of childhood, youth and family. Concentrated around personal experiences of the Jewish past, the memoirs differ significantly in their tone. Alexander Alexeev, a devoted Christian and missionary, tailors his plot as a straight road towards the Orthodox Christian faith and Russia. Arkadii Kovner, a formal Christian and strong atheist, is making a claim for the Russian Jewish community as well as for himself as a Jew. Differently tuned, both narratives create a vision of the Jewish families as a world filled with deep sentiment and love. The Jewish families are a true cradle for personal virtue and intellectual growth, even for a Christian or ultra-progressive freethinker.

Epieikeia and Conscience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cromartie
Keyword(s):  
Legal History ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Personal Virtue

St German changed the course of legal history by linking ‘equity’ with epieikeia. The Aristotelian concept originally denoted a personal virtue involving clemency and moderation, but could be taken to refer to a hermeneutic method requiring reconstruction of a law-maker’s intentions. St German’s understanding borrowed from Gerson the idea that laws tacitly incorporate ‘exceptions’ in the name of higher laws of God and nature. Equity/epieikeia was an expression of the Chancellor’s conscience because ‘conscience’ was an act of application of a rule. This rule-based theory of equity assimilated it to law and severed it from purely gratuitous mercy. There were long-term implications for English monarchy.

scholarly journals The Classification of International Organizations, II

1935 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pitman B. Potter
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Foregoing Discussion ◽  
Selection Of

In any work of classification, the selection of standards is, of course, of primary importance. In the budget of the League, absurd results appear at various points as a result of arranging the contents thereof now according to one type of standard (subject-matter, as “Mandates”), now according to another (kind of service, as “Liaison”). Without coördinate and mutually exclusive standards, no classification can be complete or satisfactory.One or two of the points made above might, it is obvious, be used as indices of classification if not used as grounds of exclusion. That is, if unofficial international organizations are not excluded entirely, as they logically should be, from this study, they might form one of the two classes of international organizations, along with official organizations. Similarly, organizations may be classified as bilateral and multilateral, in accord with the foregoing discussion, as resting upon mere practice or formal convention, as intended for the observance of some principle or for the taking of some overt action, and finally as relying upon national agencies for their operation or possessing agencies of their own.

Book Review: Rav Sa‘adya Ga’on in the focus of controversies in Baghdad

Ginzei Qedem ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudah Seewald
Keyword(s):  
Jewish History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Biblical Commentary ◽  
Torah Study ◽  
The People ◽  
Proper Order ◽  
Personal Virtue ◽  
Hebrew University ◽  
History Of

On the occasion of Professor Joshua Blau’s centenary jubilee, the book Rav Sa‘adya Ga’on in the focus of controversies in Baghdad: Sa'adya’s Sefer Ha-Galuy and Mevasser's two books of critiques on him, by Joshua Blau himself and Joseph Yahalom, was published in 2019 by the Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East of Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The book includes the original Hebrew version of Sefer Ha-Galuy; Sefer Eppiqoros, by Khalaf ibn Sarjadu; The Arabic version (Tafsir) of Sefer Ha-Galuy; and two critical works by by Mevasser ben Nissi Halevi: The Book of Correcting the Errors Found in the Writings of the Fayyumite Rosh Yeshiva, and The Book of Revealing the Errors Found in the Writings of the Fayyumite Rosh Yeshiva. I briefly review the content of these works as well as the cultural and historical background, and focus on the reasons for which Rav Sa‘adya composed Sefer Ha-Galuy and the ten benefits he detailed which may be gained from his work. We stress additional insights that the modern reader may find in this work, among them a glimpse into Rav Sa‘adya’s methodology in his Biblical commentary as reflected in his usage of biblical words in Sefer Ha-Galuy. We also discuss the history of the publication of Sefer Ha-Galuy throughout the past century and a half, little by little, until the nearly complete edition by Blau and Yahalom. The newly published translation reads fluently and is enlightening, bringing the reader into the atmosphere of those distant days. The reconstruction of the manuscript from the Geniza fragments is mostly plausible, but seems to be incorrect in a few places. I present here three additional yet unpublished fragments of the Sefer Ha-Galuy that include sections not included in the new printed edition, and suggest that some of the printed sections should be reordered. In addition, considerations regarding the internal coherency of the text, as well as the physical properties of the Geniza fragments, may lead to a slightly different ordering. One of the newly presented fragments reveals that in his commentary on the Sefer Ha-Galuy Rav Sa‘adya aimed at demonstrating the utility of high mathematics to Torah study, thereby emphasizing his own personal virtue as one having extensive knowledge in these fields. Furthermore, one can learn from the new Geniza sections about the proper order in which Rav Sa‘adya mentions the people whom he attacks in this manuscript, including a name that has disappeared so far from the eyes of the researchers, Judah the son of the Exilarch, David Ben Zakkai. The edition is accompanied by brief expansive comments. I illustrate how these may be the basis for further discussions, addressing the calculation of the end-of-days included in Sefer Ha-Galuy, probably as part of Rav Sa‘adya's method of historiography, which divides Jewish history into periods of 500 years.

Memoirs: The Musculature of the Mouth-Parts of Insect Larvae

1937 ◽  
Vol s2-80 (317) ◽  
pp. 39-77
Author(s):  
G. M. DAS
Keyword(s):  
Maxillary Palp ◽  
Basal Part ◽  
Complete Fusion ◽  
Mouth Part ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Basal Segment ◽  
Foregoing Discussion ◽  
Primary Origin ◽  
Principal Points ◽  
Secondary Condition

The principal points brought out in the foregoing discussion may be summarized as follows: 1. The points of origin of the anterior, lateral, and posterior labral muscle identify the frons in larval insects. 2. The hypopharynx is proximal to the insertion of the dorsal muscles (when present) of the prementum. 3. The direction of the cardo varies with the prognathous and hypognathous conditions of the insect head. 4. The palpifer is a secondarily demarcated portion of the stipes (Borner and Snodgrass), and cannot be a definite segment of the mouth-part limb, since no muscles take their origin from or are inserted upon it. 5. The lacinia can be recognized by the stipital and cranial flexors, and the galea by the stipital flexor only. 6. The cranial flexor of the lacinia is always retained and is a very important muscle in identifying the single maxillary lobe when one of the two is absent. 7. The origin of the flexors of the lacinia and galea upon the stipes shows that the lobes belong to the stipes. 8. The basal segment of the maxillary palp is often misinterpreted as the palpifer owing to its partial or complete fusion with the basal part of the galea, but it can be definitely identified by the insertion of the palpal muscles upon its base. 9. The premental sclerotization may form two lateral sclerites, but it is never subdivided into a proximal and a distal sclerite. 10. The mentum represents the united cardines of a pair of maxilla-like appendages. 11. The submentum is a derivative of the sternum of the labial segment. 12. The fusion of the submentum and mentum to form a single postmental sclerite is a secondary condition. 13. The sternal muscles of the labial appendages are represented by the premental muscles having their primary origin upon the submentum, and also by the submentomental muscles. 14. With the prognathous condition of the insect head the gula is developed from the cervical membrane. 15. The prognathous insects having a well-developed gula are more specialized than the hypognathous insects in which the gula is either reduced or absent. 16. The larval insects could be classified by the musculature of the mouth-parts, since each group has its characteristic musculature.

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