Pengaruh Jenis Eksplan dan Asam Amino pada Inisiasi dan Proliferasi Kalus Embriogenik Phalaenopsis Var. ‘Raiza Agrihorti’

<p><strong>(<em>The Effect of Explant Types and Amino Acids on Embryogenic Callus Initiation and Proliferation of Phalaenopsis Var. ‘Raiza Agrihorti’</em>)</strong></p><p>Penyiapan kalus embriogenik (KE) yang optimal memiliki peranan penting dalam menghasilkan benih bermutu Phalaenopsis skala komersial. Kendala utama yang dihadapi ialah inisiasi dan proliferasi KE yang masih rendah, serta akumulasi fenolik yang tinggi. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Balithi dari Agustus 2019 hingga Juli 2020. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola split plot dan faktorial dengan lima ulangan. Percobaan-1: jenis eksplan (pucuk, pangkal, dan daun plantlet) sebagai petak utama dan perlakuan asam amino (tanpa asam amino, L-Proline, L-Glutamine, L-Cysteine, dan Casein-Hydrolisate) dengan konsentrasi 150 mg/l pada medium PC1 (1/2 MS + 1,0 mg/l TDZ + 0,5 mg/l BAP + 20 g/l sukrosa) sebagai anak petak. Percobaan-2: faktor-1 ialah jenis asam amino (L-Proline, L-Cysteine; L-Glutamine, dan Casein-Hydrolisate) dan faktor-2 ialah konsentrasi asam amino (0, 75, 150, 225, dan 300 mg/l). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inisiasi KE Phalaenopsis var. ‘Raiza Agrihorti’ terbaik didapatkan dari pangkal plantlet dan 150 mg/l L-Glutamine dengan waktu inisiasi 18,3-24,0 hari, 80-100% pembentukan KE, dan ukuran KE 0,4-0,5 cm3. Proliferasi KE terbaik ditemukan pada L-Glutamine dengan konsentrasi 150 mg/l. Proliferasi KE mencapai 100% dengan penambahan berat segar sebesar 0,39 g, tingkat multiplikasi (MR) 4,55 kali dan pencokelatan 4,0%. Hasil penelitian ini berpotensi tinggi untuk diterapkan pada kultur starter Phalaenopsis hibrida lain.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Phalaenopsis hibrid; Asam amino; Inisiasi; Kalus embriogenik; Proliferasi</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Setup of the optimum Phalaenopsis embryogenic callus (EC) is an important role in producing qualified-seedlings of Phalaenopsis in commercial scale. The main constraints that are still being faced are the low rate of culture proliferation and high phenolic accumulations. The research was carried out at the Tissue Culture Laboratory-Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research Institite, from August 2019 through July 2020. The split plot and factorial designs were arranged using a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. Experiment-1: explants type (shoot tip, basal part, and leaf of plantlet) was used as main plot and amino acids (amino acids free, L-Proline, L-Glutamine, L-Cysteine, and Casein-Hydrolisate) with 150 mg/l concentration on medium PC1 (1/2 MS + 1,0 mg/l TDZ + 0,5 mg/l BAP + 20 g/l sukrosa) as subplot. Experiment-2: the first factor was amino acids type (L-Proline, L-Cysteine; L-Glutamine, and Casein-Hydrolisate) and the second factor was amino acids concentration (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 mg/l). Results of the studies revealed that the best EC initiation of Phalaenopsis var. ‘Raiza Agrihorti’ was produced by basal part of plantlet and PC1 medium containing 150 mg/l L-Glutamine with EC Initiation time was 18.3-24.0 days, 80-100% of EC formation and size of 0.4-0.5 cm3. The best proliferation of EC was found in L-Glutamine with 150 mg/l concentration. EC proliferation reached 100% with 4.55 EC multiplication rate, 0.39 g EC fresh weight added, and EC browning as low as 4.0%. The established method is high possibly applied for other Phalaenopsis hybrids.</p>

Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) conodonts from the Alengchu section, western Yunnan, China

The Lochkovian (Lower Devonian) conodont biostratigraphy in China is poorly known, and conodont-based subdivision schemes for the Lochkovian in peri-Gondwana (the Spanish Central Pyrenees, the Prague Synform, Sardinia, and the Carnic Alps) have not been tested in China. Therefore, we studied conodonts from the lower part (Bed 9 to Bed 13) of the Shanjiang Formation at the Alengchu section of Lijiang, western Yunnan to test the application of established subdivision schemes. The conodont fauna is assignable to 12 taxa belonging to eight genera (Ancyrodelloides, Flajsella, Lanea, Wurmiella, Zieglerodina, Caudicriodus, Pelekysgnathus, and Pseudooneotodus), and enables recognition of two chronostratigraphical intervals from the lower part of the Shanjiang Formation. The interval ranging from the uppermost part of Bed 9 to the upper part of Bed 10 belongs to the lower Lochkovian; whereas an interval covering the uppermost part of Bed 11 to the upper part of Bed 13 is correlated with the upper half of the middle Lochkovian. The Silurian-Devonian boundary is probably located within Bed 9, in the basal part of the Shanjiang Formation. However, the scarcity of specimens precludes definitive identification of bases of the lower, middle, and upper Lochkovian as well as other conodont zones recognized in peri-Gondwana.

Palynological and calcareous nannofossil investigation of the Gosau Group deposits from three boreholes in the Vienna Basin, Austria

Palynological and calcareous nannofossil investigations on samples from the basal part of the Gosau Group succession in three boreholes (Glinzendorf T1, Gänserndorf T3 and Markgraf Neusiedl T1) in the Vienna Basin provide calibrated age assessment of late Coniacian to early Campanian age for this thick non-marine to marginal-marine siliciclastic interval.

A new subspecies of Bembidion sanatum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) endemic to the Mendeleev Volcano (Kunashir Island, Russia)

Bembidion (Peryphanes) sanatum iwanai ssp. n. is described from the solfatara fields of the Mendeleev Volcano (Kuril Archipelago: Kunashir Island). It slightly differs from the nominative subspecies by body proportions, as well as the relatively narrow external intervals of the elytra and their microsculpture, yet showing stable distinctions in endophallus armature (basal part of lamina 1 is rounded, vs. angular in the nominative subspecies) and in the spermatheca duct (5–6 convolutions, vs. 7–8 in the nominative subspecies). Endemism of insects on the island’s large volcanic massifs of Kunashir Island is discussed.

Furongian (upper Cambrian) trilobites and agnostoids from the Alum Shale Formation of Bornholm, Denmark: revised taxonomy and biostratigraphy

The Furongian (upper Cambrian) trilobite-agnostoid fauna from the Alum Shale Formation of Bornholm, Denmark, is reviewed and revised. The study is based on the museum material stored at the Natural History Museum of Denmark, including the material originally monographed by C. Poulsen (1923) [Bornholms Olenuslag og deres fauna. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse II. Række, Vol. 40, 83 pp]. A total of 8502 specimens, mostly disarticulated sclerites, have been registered. The taxonomy of all species is updated and the best preserved specimens are illustrated. A total of 39 olenid and 5 agnostoid taxa (incl. the Miaolingian Agnostus pisiformis) are recorded including one new species, Ctenopyge magna n. sp. Two specimens of Ctenopyge, treated in open nomenclature as Ctenopyge sp. 1 and sp. 2, may also rep-resent new species. 14 taxa have not been previously reported from Bornholm, viz. Ctenopyge ahlbergi, Ctenopyge tumidoides, Eurycare brevicauda, Leptoplastus abnormis, Leptoplastus crassicornis, Olenus transversus, Parabolina lobata praecurrens, Peltura acu-tidens, Peltura minor, Peltura westergaardi, Protopeltura planicauda, Protopeltura praecursor, Pseudagnostus leptoplastorum? and Sphaerophthalmus drytonensis. Ctenopyge pecten and Ctenopyge affinis are also new to Bornholm as the material formerly described under these names represent Ctenopyge tenuis and C. magna n. sp., respectively. Lotagnostus americanus, Ctenopyge fletcheri, Sphaerophthalmus alatus and Triangulopyge humilis were described under different names by C. Poulsen (1923). Peltura westergaardi and Ctenopyge tenuis are elevated from subspecies to species rank. A redescription of Leptoplastus bornholmensis is presented; the species is transferred to Eurycare. The identification of isolated skeletal parts of L. abnormis and Leptoplastus ovatus and Sphaerophthalmus flagellifer and S. drytonensis are remarked on. The presence of three agnostoid and 14 trilobite zones is confirmed by fossils and all six Furongian superzones are developed on Bornholm. At least the Leptoplastus paucisegmentatus and Leptoplastus raphidophorus zones seem to be absent. Other undocumented zones may be unfossiliferous, not exposed or truly absent. Three different trilobite assemblages (potential subzones) are discerned in the Peltura acu-tidens–Ctenopyge tumida Zone; Ctenopyge tumidoides and Sphaerophthalmus angustus range into the basal part of this zone. All exposures of the Furongian Alum Shale Formation along the Læså and Øleå streams on southern Bornholm are briefly described including GPS coordinates.

GEOLOGICAL AND PETROGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SORAP MASSIF GABBROS, RAS-KOH OPHIOLITE, BALOCHISTAN, WESTERN PAKISTAN

This study discussed the Sorap Massif which is the ophiolitic fragment composed of the upper mantle and lower crustal section of an ophiolitic sequence. An ophiolitic sequence in Sorap Massif consists of harzburgite, dunite, large distant units of serpentinized wehrlite intrusion and outcrop of confined layered gabbro covered by the Quaternary sand dunes. The basal part of gabbroic intrusion is in contact with mantle rocks and the upper part is juxtaposed with the Kuchakki Volcanic Group. On outcrop-level and in hand specimen, the gabbros exhibit needle-like ferromagnesian minerals including hornblende associated with plagioclase and pyroxene. Petrographically the gabbros are classified into norite, gabbro norite and gabbro. The mineral constituents of norite are plagioclase, orthopyroxene and amphibole, gabbro norite is consists of equal constituents of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, plagioclase and amphibole and the gabbro is composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase and amphibole. The high constituents of minerals such as pyroxene, amphibole and low constituents of olivine in the Sorap gabbros indicates that these gabbros are formed by the immature part of the oceanic plate with dehydration of the oceanic plate subduction.

Problems of Managing Potato Plant Growth Under Micropropagation for Primary Seeds

This study shows the possibility of controlling the growth of potato microplants when adding the Murashige-Skoog (MS) nutrient medium chlorocholine chloride (CCC) to the composition at a concentration of 0.05-0.25 mg ⋅ L −1. Varietal specificity of the reaction of potato plants to the preparation was revealed. At optimal concentrations of CCC, plants with a stem length of 7-10 cm in 250 ml flasks were grown from single-node microcuttings for 1.5 months. Microplants were removed from the flasks using 20 cm scissors and unsterilized tweezers. The roots were shortened to 2-3 mm and the basal part of the stems was treated with a chalk-based paste containing 0.04% indolylbutyric acid (IBA). Plants were planted on 36 mm diameter Jiffy 7 peat pellets directly in the laboratory. The trays with the material were transferred to the greenhouse at the end of April at a temperature of 20-25 °C and placed in the conditions of the upper fine irrigation. After 3-4 days, mass root formation began in the plants, and another week later the seedlings were ready for use. By then the height of the plants was 10-15 cm, and the roots were clearly visible on the surface of the peat pellets. Planting these seedlings in a technological greenhouse to obtain minitubers was convenient and inexpensive. Keywords: potato, microcuttings, microtubers, minitubers, chlorocholine chloride, peat pellets

Raman estimates of the thermal effect on tree trunks in the Siberian Traps lavas and volcaniclastics

&lt;p&gt;Tree trunks in lava flows and volcaniclastics of the Siberian Traps witness volcanic activity's violent and rapid onset. Carbonized and petrified trees preserve the peak metamorphic temperatures, which can be estimated using Raman spectroscopy. We have conducted a Raman study of the tree trunks and wooden fragments trapped in the Siberian Traps volcaniclastics and lavas on the Tunguska basin's northwestern region (Norilsk area). The first sample set was taken from volcaniclastic rocks of the Kureika River. The second sample set was collected from the lowermost lava flow of Ivakinskaya Formation that erupted directly on the end-Permian boggy surface (Tunguska Group of Carboniferous-Permian age) and from the coal-bearing inter lava seam at Red Rocks outcrop near Talnakh. The third sample set was taken from in the basal part of the Ivakinskaya Fm lowermost lava flow erupted in a shallow water basin with pillow basalt formation (Ore Brook near Norilsk). The fourth sample set was taken from an open coal pit with shallow dolerites intruded into the late Permian part of the Tunguska Group (near Kajerkan). We analyzed carbonized wood with a Renishaw InVia Qontor with 532 nm laser and processed all spectra with Henry et al. (2018) recommendations. The peak metamorphic temperature was calculated from Deldicque et al. (2016) equation 2. The tree trunks of the first sample set (Kureika River volcaniclastics) have a narrow median temperature range (430-468oC with one sample of 612oC). The second sample set from tree trunks in lavas and the coal-bearing inter lava seam (Red Rocks near Talnakh) ranges between 343-658oC and 742-764oC. The third sample set from pillow basalt at the basal part of Ivakinskaya Fm. (Ore Brook near Norilsk) also has a narrow temperature range (503-535oC with one sample of 650oC). The last sample set from the open coal pit (near Kajerkan) has a wide median temperature range (388-632oC).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We explain these variations by different styles of the Siberian Traps eruption. At the Kureika River, the end-Permian forest was buried and carbonized by tephra. At the Talnakh area, lava flow erupted on the boggy surface, whereas in the Norilsk area, the lava flow erupted into the freshwater basin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Henry, D.G. et al. (2018). Int. J Coal Geol, 191: 135-151&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deldicque, D. et al. (2016). Carbon, 102: 319-329&lt;/p&gt;

An integrated morphological–molecular approach reveals new insights on the systematics of the octocoral Telestula humilis (Thomson, 1927) (Octocorallia:Alcyonacea:Clavulariidae)

Telestula humilis (Thomson, 1927) is a rare deep-sea stoloniferan octocoral distributed in the eastern Atlantic. Here we compared seven putative colonies of this species collected off Spain with the lectotype from the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco and found them to be identical morphologically. Phylogenetic analyses on both full mitogenomes and a concatenated alignment containing two mtDNA genes (mtMutS and Cox1) and nuclear 28S rRNA gene recovered Telestula humilis sister to Incrustatus and Inconstantia rather than to other species of Telestula. This therefore supports its taxonomic reassignment to Pseudotelestula gen. nov. as Pseudotelestula humilis comb. nov. The taxonomic reassignment is also supported by subtle differences observed between the morphology of the colony and the sclerome of Pseudotelestula humilis comb. nov. and the two sister genera. The occurrence of an intrusion tissue with sclerites in the basal part of the gastric cavity of the adult polyps is shared among Telestula and Pseudotelestula gen. nov. However, Pseudotelestula gen. nov. has sclerites arranged in a collaret and points below the tentacles, the sclerites of the calyx wall and the stolon are plump warty spindles, and the intrusion tissue has long sticks and spindles with cone-like spines.

Biomorphological analysis and developmental features of two short-lived plants: Stachys annua (L.) L. and Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze

To clarify life form, ontogeny and features shoot formation of individuals Stachys annua and Clinopodium acinos were studied. It was found that the duration ontogeny of species is determined by rate of development shoot of an individual. It was found that both species bloom in the first year, however, individuals of S. annua, having reached their maximum growth, completely die off at the end of the first growing season. Accelerated development of S. annua individuals leads to the formation of powerful synflorescence and inhibition development unrealized buds of basal part shoot. In contrast to S. annua, ontogeny of C. acinos individuals is long (5–6 years). The slowed down development rate of the C. acinos shoot leads formation of a weak generative sphere and development of innovation zone consisting of 1–2 metameres with functionally developed naked buds. The performed biomorphological analysis allows us to classify S. annua as typical annual monocarpic, C. acinos as oligocarpic, belonging to the sensu lato short-lived plants group.