‘I don’t want to be that guy walking in the feminine product aisle’: a Photovoice exploration of college men’s perceptions of safer sex responsibility

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Breny ◽  
Deirdre C. Lombardi
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Safer Sex ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Safe Sex ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Sex Behavior ◽  
Future Health

Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to increase among young heterosexual men and women in the United States. Although research studies examine the reasons why these young people are not engaging in safe sex behavior, many have not explored factors beyond individual behaviors. Much of the current research focuses on young women, for the most part leaving men out of the equation. In this study, a Photovoice methodology was used to examine social norms, media messaging and perceptions of responsibility surrounding safe sex practices, specifically condom use, among male heterosexual undergraduate students. Results showed that college-aged men are still prioritizing pregnancy prevention over disease prevention, which leads to assumptions that their female partners are on birth control and they do not need to use condoms. Participants pointed to media messages and condom placement that supports women’s responsibility for safer sex and condom negotiation. Future health promotion research and practice should focus on including men in the design and implementation process to address social norms and increase their sense of responsibility.

President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Policy Process and the Conversation around HIV/AIDS in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-166
Author(s):  
Laura E. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Process Factors ◽  
Hiv Aids

In 2003, the George W. Bush administration passed the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a US government initiative to address the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic primarily in Africa. PEPFAR’s US$18 billion budget remains the largest commitment from any nation towards a single disease and has saved countless lives. Given the historical and current political resistance to foreign aid, PEPFAR’s drastic spike in spending on HIV/AIDS raises questions over how the policy process resulted in bipartisan support. Using two policy process theories, punctuated equilibrium theory (PET) and the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF), this analysis helps explain the framing of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and the factors that resulted in the creation of PEPFAR. The analysis of the PEPFAR policy process reveals a ‘tipping point’ in the early 2000s, when political actors, the media and advocacy coalitions benefitted from issue framing, narrative change and measures of political attention to elevate the global HIV/AIDS crisis to the public agenda. The findings highlight an increase in presidential attention, the evolution of the HIV/AIDS narrative away from stigma and the formation of powerful coalitions. Looking back on the combination of policy process factors that led to PEPFAR’s bipartisan success might lead to insights for dismantling the grand public health challenges of the present and future. This study’s findings have implications for currently stigmatised public health crises, such as the opioid epidemic.

Nicotine Dependence: Diagnosis, Chemistry, and Pharmacologic Treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 275-279
Author(s):  
Norman S. Miller ◽  
James A. Cocores
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Tobacco Plant ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments

Columbus brought tobacco to the Old World, and in the following centuries, tobacco smoking spread throughout the world, despite vigorous opposition. The tobacco plant was named Nicotiana tabacum after Jean Nicot, who promoted his belief that the plant had medicinal value. Nicotine, the basic addicting drug contained in cigarettes, may be the deadliest drug known to humans in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality from nicotine addiction is greater than that from World Wars I and II, the Vietnam War, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and heroin and cocaine addiction combined. Tobacco use is linked to more than 390 000 deaths per year in the United States alone. The powerful lobbying forces of the tobacco industry have managed to keep supplies of nicotine available to the public despite efforts from medical and legal bodies to reduce advertising and educate the public about the adverse consequences of nicotine use. The addictive potential of cigarettes and the extent to which nicotine is the active ingredient in generating and sustaining addiction has been debated. The reasons for the resistance to considering whether nicotine is addictive have origins in attitudes toward addiction. Free will and personal choice have prevailed as explanations for why a 20-cigarette per day smoker will receive more then 70 000 boluses of nicotine per year despite the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this drug.

Operation “Denver”: The East German Ministry of State Security and the KGB's AIDS Disinformation Campaign, 1985–1986 (Part 1)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-123
Author(s):  
Douglas Selvage
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
State Security ◽  
East German ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

There has been much debate in recent years about the role of the East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) in the disinformation campaign launched in the early 1980s by the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) regarding the origin and nature of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The KGB's operation, codenamed “Denver” by the Stasi (not “Infektion,” as many online sources now erroneously assert), claimed that AIDS was deliberately devised by U.S. biological warfare specialists for the U.S. government to spread in minority communities in the United States. Based on the available evidence, the Stasi's role in the AIDS disinformation campaign was limited in 1985–1986 to (1) keeping watch over Soviet-East German scientist Jakob Segal, who propagated a variant of the KGB's thesis; (2) helping to arrange for the publication and distribution of a brochure with Segal's thesis at the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Harare in 1986; and (3) facilitating Segal's interviews with certain journalists. Just as important for the ongoing formulation and spread of the KGB's AIDS disinformation was a cycle of misinformation and disinformation that arose between U.S.-based conspiracy theorists—especially Lyndon LaRouche and his followers—and authors and publications espousing Moscow's preferred theses regarding AIDS.

Suicide in Adult Correctional Facilities: Key Ingredients to Prevention and Overcoming the Obstacles

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay M. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
White Males ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
County Jails ◽  
Inmate Suicide ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

Despite increased general awareness of suicide in U.S. adult correctional facilities as well as the availability of research and correctional standards that advocate increased attention and services to potentially suicidal inmates, prevention efforts within correctional facilities remain piecemeal and inmate suicide continues to be a serious public health problem. A robotic state of mind excuse, that inmate suicide is not preventable, impedes prevention efforts. In the following discussion, the key ingredients to comprehensive suicide prevention programming are offered to dispel these obstacles.Suicide is a leading cause of death in jails across the United States, with well over 400 inmates taking their lives each year. In some urban jail facilities, deaths related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) slightly outnumber deaths by suicide. The rate of suicide in county jails is estimated to be approximately nine times greater than that of the general population. Overall, most jail suicide victims are young white males who have been arrested for nonviolent offenses and were intoxicated when arrested.

Pursuing Reform in Clinical Research: Lessons from Women's Experience

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Eckenwiler
Keyword(s):  
African American Men ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
White House ◽  
Advisory Commission ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
And Function ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency

In a White House ceremony on May 16, 1997, President Clinton issued an apology on behalf of the nation for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, a forty-year research project in which African-American men were deceived and denied treatment in order to document the natural course of syphilis. Reflection on this occasion can give us pause to take pride in the progress made toward more ethical research with humans. The President's apology is perhaps the most public of a number of recent events representing a renewed attention to ethics in research with human participants. Alongside it stand the efforts of treatment activists for people with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the revelations of the human radiation experiments. In 1995, President Clinton called for the creation of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, which was charged with a host of projects aimed at investigating the organization and function of the federal system for overseeing human subjects research in the United States, and giving guidance on specific forms of research.

Psychological Predictors of Sexual Behaviors Related to AIDS Transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Thompson ◽  
Glenn Geher ◽  
Karen F. Stevens ◽  
Samuel T. Stem ◽  
Mary K. Lintz
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Risky Sexual Behavior ◽  
Risky Behavior ◽  
Safe Sex ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Sex Behavior ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Sex Communication

This study was designed to assess the differential value of several psychological variables with regard to predicting safe-sex behavior. A sample of 94 male and 179 female undergraduate students, ranging in age from 16 to 66 years, were surveyed about sexual issues related to safe-sex practices. The survey included scales measuring participants' knowledge of transmission of AIDS, self-perception of safe-sex communication, fear and concern about AIDS, attitudes toward AIDS victims, and self-report of risky behavior. Several interesting relationships among predictor variables were found. For instance, favorable attitudes toward AIDS victims were positively correlated with knowledge about AIDS transmission, perceived communication with partners about safe sex, and fear of acquiring AIDS. However, only two predictor variables were independently predictive of self-reports of risky sexual behavior; specifically, fear about AIDS transmission was positively correlated with risky behavior, while communication was negatively correlated with risky behavior. These data suggest a need for a model that allows for complex, reciprocal relationships between the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components of safe-sex practice. Implications are applied to research with college populations.

Toxoplasma gondii

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Zygmunt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is a worldwide cause of infections in virtually all mammalian species, including humans. Although toxoplasmosis is extremely common in humans, most cases are subclinical and are revealed only by the presence of antibodies to this parasite. Prior to the use of immunosuppresive therapy and the recognition of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most devastating consequence of toxoplasmosis was seen in children of women who acquired acute toxoplasmosis in their first trimester of pregnancy.In the past two decades, this pathogen has become increasingly recognized in immunocompromised patients as a common cause of encephalitis. The tragedy of toxoplasmosis is that it is a preventable disease. French investigators, have clearly defined the risk and range of severity of congenital toxoplasmosis, the value of systemic screening and patient education, and the value of treatment of the mother during pregnancy to prevent transmission to the fetus. Prevention of a large portion of cerebral toxoplasmosis cases in immunocompromised patients might be possible if congenital toxoplasmosis was better controlled in the United States. The first step in controlling toxoplasmosis in the United States is a better appreciation of this infection.

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