scholarly journals Nanotherapeutic modulation of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in acute brain injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 184954352097081
Author(s):  
Rick Liao ◽  
Thomas R Wood ◽  
Elizabeth Nance

Excitotoxicity is a primary pathological process that occurs during stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and global brain ischemia such as perinatal asphyxia. Excitotoxicity is triggered by an overabundance of excitatory neurotransmitters within the synapse, causing a detrimental cascade of excessive sodium and calcium influx, generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage, and ultimately cell death. There are multiple potential points of intervention to combat excitotoxicity and downstream oxidative stress, yet there are currently no therapeutics clinically approved for this specific purpose. For a therapeutic to be effective against excitotoxicity, the therapeutic must accumulate at the disease site at the appropriate concentration at the right time. Nanotechnology can provide benefits for therapeutic delivery, including overcoming physiological obstacles such as the blood–brain barrier, protect cargo from degradation, and provide controlled release of a drug. This review evaluates the use of nano-based therapeutics to combat excitotoxicity in stroke, TBI, and hypoxia–ischemia with an emphasis on mitigating oxidative stress, and consideration of the path forward toward clinical translation.

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Khatri ◽  
Manisha Thakur ◽  
Vikas Pareek ◽  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
Sunil Sharma ◽  
...  

Background & Objective: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It represents mild, moderate and severe effects of physical assault to brain which may cause sequential, primary or secondary ramifications. Primary injury can be due to the first physical hit, blow or jolt to one of the brain compartments. The primary injury is then followed by secondary injury which leads to biochemical, cellular, and physiological changes like blood brain barrier disruption, inflammation, excitotoxicity, necrosis, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and generation of oxidative stress. Apart from this, there is also an immediate increase in glutamate at the synapses following severe TBI. Excessive glutamate at synapses in turn activates corresponding NMDA and AMPA receptors that facilitate excessive calcium influx into the neuronal cells. This leads to the generation of oxidative stress which further leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation and oxidation of proteins and DNA. As a consequence, neuronal cell death takes place and ultimately people start facing some serious disabilies. Conclusion: In the present review we provide extensive overview of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress and its fatal effects on brain after TBI.


1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Kochanek ◽  
Edwin M. Nemoto ◽  
John A. Melick ◽  
Rhobert W. Evans ◽  
David F. Burke

Platelet-activating factor has been implicated in a variety of disease processes including ischemic brain injury and endotoxic shock, but its effects on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism in normal brain have not been described. The effects of platelet-activating factor on global CBF (hydrogen clearance) and the global cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) were studied in halothane-N2O anesthetized Wistar rats. Hexadecyl-platelet-activating factor infused into the right carotid artery (67 pmol/min) for 60 min decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 122 ±4 (x ± SEM) to 77 ± 6 mm Hg and CBF from 159 ± 12 to 116 ± 14 ml/100 g/min (p < 0.002). In contrast, CMRO2 increased from 9.7 ± 0.9 to 11.7 ± 1.1 ml/100 g/min after 15 min (p < 0.05). In controls rendered similarly hypotensive by blood withdrawal and infused with the platelet-activating factor vehicle, CMRO2 was unchanged, whereas CBF transiently decreased then returned to baseline at 60 min. These cerebrovascular and cerebrometabolic effects of PAF are reminiscent of and may be relevant to hypoperfusion and hypermetabolism observed after global brain ischemia and in endotoxic shock.


2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiro Nakamura ◽  
Richard F. Keep ◽  
Ya Hua ◽  
Timothy Schallert ◽  
Julian T. Hoff ◽  
...  

Object In the authors' previous studies they found that brain iron accumulation and oxidative stress contribute to secondary brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the present study they investigated whether deferoxamine, an iron chelator, can reduce ICH-induced brain injury. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats received an infusion of 100 μl of autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia and were killed 1, 3, or 7 days thereafter. Iron distribution was examined histochemically (enhanced Perl reaction). The effects of deferoxamine on ICH-induced brain injury were examined by measuring brain edema and neurological deficits. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor–1 (APE/Ref-1), a repair mechanism for DNA oxidative damage, was quantitated by Western blot analysis. Iron accumulation was observed in the perihematoma zone beginning 1 day after ICH. Deferoxamine attenuated brain edema, neurological deficits, and ICH-induced changes in APE/Ref-1. Conclusions Deferoxamine and other iron chelators may be potential therapeutic agents for treating ICH. They may act by reducing the oxidative stress caused by the release of iron from the hematoma.


2002 ◽  
Vol 334 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Friberg ◽  
Tadeusz Wieloch ◽  
Roger F. Castilho

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S507-S507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Shichita ◽  
Hiroaki Ooboshi ◽  
Yasuhiro Kumai ◽  
Masahiro Kumai ◽  
Junichi Takada ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
А.А. Соколовская ◽  
Э.Д. Вирюс ◽  
В.В. Александрин ◽  
А.С. Роткина ◽  
К.А. Никифорова ◽  
...  

Цель исследования. Ишемические повреждения головного мозга, являются одной из наиболее частой причин инвалидности и смертности во всем мире. Недавно была установлена роль апоптоза тромбоцитов в патофизиологии инсульта, однако его механизмы до сих пор остаются невыясненными. Несмотря на различные экспериментальные модели, направленные на мониторинг апоптоза тромбоцитов, результаты, относительно изучения и выявления апоптоза тромбоцитов при ишемии головного мозга у крыс, весьма немногочисленны. Цель исследования - анализ апоптоза тромбоцитов с помощью метода проточной цитофлуориметрии на модели глобальной ишемии мозга у крыс. Методика. В экспериментах использовано 6 крыс-самцов Вистар в возрасте от 5 до 6 мес., разделенных на 2 группы: интактный контроль (К) и глобальная ишемия головного мозга. Модель глобальной ишемии головного мозга у крыс воспроизводилась путём билатеральной окклюзии общих сонных артерий на фоне гипотензии. Уровень системного артериального давления снижали посредством кровопотери до 40-45 мм рт. ст. Суспензию тромбоцитов крыс получали методом гельфильтрации с использованием сефарозы 2B. Для анализа экстернализации фосфатидилсерина (ФС) тромбоциты крыс инкубировали с Аннексином V-PE в связывающем буфере. Для оценки митохондриального мембранного потенциала (ММП) тромбоциты инкубировали с катионным красителем JC-1. После инкубации образцы немедленно анализировали на проточном цитофлуориметре FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson, США). Результаты. Согласно полученным данным, экстернализация ФС на тромбоцитах крыс, перенесших инсульт, была значительно выше (53,45 ± 4,21%), чем в контрольной группе крыс (5,27 ± 2,40%). Данный эффект подтверждается выраженной деполяризацией митохондриальных мембран (DYm). После экспериментальной ишемии мозга почти 40% тромбоцитов было деполяризовано. Заключение. Использованный в работе подбор методов и маркеров обеспечивает понимание механизмов апоптоза тромбоцитов как в экспериментальных, так и в клинических условиях. Полученные данные позволяют сделать заключение, что апоптоз тромбоцитов является одним из факторов развития глобальной ишемии головного мозга у крыс. Результаты могут быть использованы для понимания механизмов, участвующих в развитии ишемического повреждения, что, в свою очередь, может быть использовано при разработке новых терапевтических стратегий. Aim. Stroke is one of the most common causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Multiple experimental models of stroke have focused on monitoring of platelet apoptosis. However, studies on and detection of platelet apoptosis in rats with ischemic stroke are very scarce. We investigated platelet apoptosis in rats with global brain ischemia using flow cytometry. Methods. Experiments were carried out on healthy, adult Wistar male rats weighing 300-350 g. The rats were divided into the following 2 groups: intact rats and rats with global brain ischemia. Global brain ischemia was induced by two-vessel (2-VO) carotid occlusion in combination with hypotension. Systemic blood pressure was reduced by 40-45 mm Hg by inducing haemorrhage. Platelets were isolated by gel filtration on Sepharose 2B. For evaluation of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, platelets were incubated with Annexin V-PE and analyzed on FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). Mitochondrial membrane potential (DY) was measured during platelets apoptosis using JC-1, a mitochondrial membrane potential indicator. Platelets were analyzed by flow cytometry immediately after the incubation. Results. PS externalization on platelets was significantly greater after global brain ischemia (53.45 ± 4.21%) than in the control group (5.27 ± 2.40%). Pronounced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (DYm) confirmed this finding. In the rat group with experimental brain ischemia, almost 40% (35.24 ± 5.21%) of platelets were depolarized. Conclusion. Our results provide insight into mechanisms involved in platelet apoptosis during ischemic stroke and can be used in further development of new therapeutic strategies.


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