Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Mediate Neuroplastic Mechanisms After Olfactory Training in Mouse Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boo-Young Kim ◽  
JuYeon Park ◽  
EuiJin Kim ◽  
ByungGuk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Olfactory Neuroepithelium ◽  
Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Olfactory Training ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background Several studies have reported beneficial effects of olfactory training (OT) on the olfactory nervous system. However, the mechanisms underlying the regeneration of the olfactory system induced by OT are still under investigation. Objectives To determine the key mechanisms involved in the olfactory system recovery and to assess the neuroplastic effects of OT. Methods Thirty healthy female C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated to 4 groups: control, n = 6; anosmia (no treatment), n = 8; OT, n = 8; and steroid treatment; n = 8. Except for the control group, mice were administered 3-methylindole. Anosmia was assessed using a food-finding test (FFT). The olfactory neuroepithelium was for histological examinations, gene ontology with pathway analyses, RNA, and protein studies. Results FFT was significantly reduced at 3 weeks in the OT mice versus steroids (78.27 s vs 156.83 s, P < .008) and controls (78.27 s vs 13.14 s, P < .003), although final outcome in the FFT was similar in these groups. Expression of olfactory and neurogenesis marker was higher in the olfactory neuroepithelium of the OT group than in the anosmia group without treatment. The mechanisms underlying olfactory regeneration might be related to early olfactory receptor stimulation, followed by neurotrophic factor stimulation of neuronal plasticity. Conclusion OT can improve olfactory function and accelerate olfactory recovery. The mechanisms underlying olfactory regeneration might be related to an initial stimulation of olfactory receptors followed by neurogenesis. Olfactory ensheathing cells might play an important role in olfactory regeneration following OT, based on the observed changes in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression, as well as the findings of the gene analysis.

Growth of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells on Silk Fibroin Nanofibers

2011 ◽  
Vol 175-176 ◽  
pp. 230-235
Author(s):  
Yi Xin Shen ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Zhi Hai Fan ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
Zheng Feng Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silk Fibroin ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Silk Fibroin Nanofibers ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Original Characteristic

Objective: To evaluate the growth of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on the silk fibroin (SF) nanofibers scaffold. Methods: The purified OECs were cultured with poly-L-lysine (control group) and 1200 nm SF nanofibers (experimental group). The morphological features and growth characteristics of which were analyzed by phase contrast microscopy. Nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) p75 were applied to identify OECs by immunostaining. SEM was used to observe the adherence and spreading of OECs on different substrates. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the proliferation activity of OECs both on the control and experimental scaffolds. Results: The isolated OECs reached confluence after 4-5 days of culture, which were stained for antibody NGFRp75(+). The morphology of OECs on the 1200 nm SF nanofibers was similar to that on the control group. The SEM clearly revealed the close interaction between the OECs and the nanofbers. The OECs on SF nanofibers still maintain its original characteristic phenotypes. The MTT showed that the most obvious proliferation was reached over 10 days. The differences of OD values between 1200 nm SF and PLL were significant at day 5, 7 (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference at day 10. Conclusion: SF nanofibers scaffold could support the growth of OECs, and may be a promising tissue-engineered scaffold for the repair of SCI.

scholarly journals The role of olfactory ensheating cells in regenerative medicine: review of the literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Grosu-Bularda ◽  
Claudiu Manea ◽  
Ioan Lascar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bulb Formation ◽  
Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) join olfactory axons in their entrance to the central nervous system, representing a unique population of glial cells with functions in olfactory neurogenesis, axonal growth and olfactory bulb formation. Olfactory ensheathing cells have a great potential to induce repair for neural injuries, in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, existing numerous experimental and clinical studies lately, reporting beneficial effects in anatomical and functional recovery. Studies are also conducted in order to establish possible pro-regenerative effects of the OECs, their potential in tissue repair and ability to modulate the immune system. The aim of this paper was to review the properties of olfactory ensheathing cells and their potential therapeutic role in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Olfactory ensheathing cells are the main phagocytic cells that remove axon debris during early development of the olfactory system

2014 ◽  
Vol 523 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynnmaria Nazareth ◽  
Katie E. Lineburg ◽  
Meng Inn Chuah ◽  
Johana Tello Velasquez ◽  
Fatemeh Chehrehasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Ensheathing Cells

scholarly journals Olfactory training with Aromastics: olfactory and cognitive effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Oleszkiewicz ◽  
Laura Bottesi ◽  
Michal Pieniak ◽  
Shuji Fujita ◽  
Nadejda Krasteva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Olfactory Training

Abstract Purpose The olfactory system can be successfully rehabilitated with regular, intermittent stimulation during multiple daily exposures to selected sets of odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT). OT has been repeatedly shown to be an effective tool of olfactory performance enhancement. Recent advancements in studies on OT suggest that its beneficial effects exceed olfaction and extend to specific cognitive tasks. So far, studies on OT provided compelling evidence for its effectiveness, but there is still a need to search for an optimal OT protocol. The present study examined whether increased frequency of OT leads to better outcomes in both olfactory and cognitive domains. Method Fifty-five subjects (28 females; Mage = 58.2 ± 11.3 years; 26 patients with impaired olfaction) were randomly assigned to a standard (twice a day) or intense (four times a day) OT. Olfactory and cognitive measurements were taken before and after OT. Results OT performed twice a day was more effective in supporting olfactory rehabilitation and interventions targeted to verbal semantic fluency than OT performed four times a day, even more so in subjects with lower baseline scores. Conclusions OT is effective in supporting olfactory rehabilitation and interventions targeted to verbal semantic fluency. However, it may be prone to a ceiling effect, being efficient in subjects presenting with lower baseline olfactory performance and lower verbal semantic fluency.

scholarly journals Transplantation of Cultured Olfactory Bulb Cells Prevents Abnormal Sensory Responses during Recovery from Dorsal Root Avulsion in the Rat

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 913-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Collins ◽  
Daqing Li ◽  
Stephen B. Mcmahon ◽  
Geoffrey Raisman ◽  
Ying Li
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spinal Root ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Dorsal Roots ◽  
Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Previous Demonstration

The central branches of the C7 and C8 dorsal roots were avulsed close to their entry point into the spinal cord in adult rats. The forepaw responses to heat and cold stimuli were tested at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after injury. Over this period, the paws were sensitive to both stimuli at 1-2 weeks and returned toward normal at 3 weeks. Immunohistology showed no evidence of axonal regeneration into the spinal cord in a control group of rats with avulsion only, implying that adjacent dorsal roots and their corresponding dermatomes were involved in the recovery. In a further group of rats, a mixture of bulbar olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory nerve fibroblasts were transplanted into the gap between the avulsed roots and the spinal cord at the time of avulsion. These rats showed no evidence of either loss of sensation or exaggerated responses to stimuli at any of the time points from 1 to 3 weeks. Immunohistology showed that the transplanted cells formed a complete bridge, and the central branches of the dorsal root fibers had regenerated into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These regenerating axons, including Tuj1 and CGRP immunoreactive fibers, were ensheathed by the olfactory ensheathing cells. This confirms our previous demonstration of central regeneration by these transplants and suggests that such transplants may provide a useful means to prevent the development of abnormal sensations such as allodynia after spinal root lesions.

scholarly journals Why is olfactory neuroepithelium?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Hongyun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Neuroepithelium ◽  
Ensheathing Cells ◽  
Local Functional

Currently, most cellular therapeutic effects for nervous diseases cannot be proven in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-control clinical trials, except for a few kinds of cells such as olfactory ensheathing cells. These cells show significant improvements in functional recovery and quality of life for patients with chronic ischemic stroke. Also, olfactory neuron transplantation has promising neurorestorative effects on patients with vascular dementia. Human olfactory neuroepithelium can spontaneously and sustainably regenerate or produce new olfactory neurons and glial cell types for decades or a lifetime. The neurorestorative mechanisms of olfactory ensheathing cells are well known; however, little is known about the neurorestorative mechanisms of olfactory neurons. Therefore, I hypothesize that the neurorestorative mechanisms of olfactory neurons after transplantation: (1) can well migrate where they are needed and become local functional neurons, as they need to compensate or replace; (2) must be regulated by some special molecular factors to elongate their axons, modulate or direct synapses to correctly recognize and connect the target cells, and integrate functions. Based on olfactory neuroepithelium cells displaying the special characterization, neurorestorative mechanisms, clinical therapeutic achievements, and hypotheses of effective mechanisms, they (olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory neurons) may be the most efficient instruments of neurorestoration.

The potential cytotoxic effects of urban particle matter on olfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
B.-Y. Kim ◽  
J.Y. Park ◽  
K.J. Cho ◽  
J.H. Bae
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Cell ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Olfactory Neuroepithelium

Background: Urban particulate matter (UPM) in ambient air is implicated in a variety of human health issues worldwide, however, few studies exist on the effect of UPM on the olfactory system. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the destruction of the olfactory system in a mouse model following UPM exposure. Methods: Mice were divided into: control and four UPM-exposed groups (200 µg UPM at 1 and 2 weeks, and 400 µg UPM at 1 and 2 weeks [standard reference material 1649b; average particle diameter 10.5 μm]). The olfactory neuroepithelium was harvested for histologic examination, gene ontology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Results: Compared to the control group, olfactory marker protein, Olfr1507, ADCY3, and GNAL mRNA levels were lower, and S-100, CNPase, NGFRAP1, BDNF, and TACR3 mRNA levels were higher in the olfactory neuroepithelium of the UPM groups. Moderately positive correlation was present between the 1- and 2-week groups. After analyzing the 200 and 400 UPM groups separately, the strength of the association between the 200 UPM 1- and 2-week groups was moderately positive. No differences was present in the neuroepithelial inflammatory marker levels between the UPM and control groups. Conclusions: UPM could have cytotoxic effects on the olfactory epithelium. The exposure time and particular concentration of UPM exposure could affect the degree of destruction of the olfactory neuroepithelium. The olfactory regeneration mechanism could be related to the neurotrophic factors, olfactory ensheathing cell stimulation, and trigeminal nerve support.

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