The potential cytotoxic effects of urban particle matter on olfaction

Background: Urban particulate matter (UPM) in ambient air is implicated in a variety of human health issues worldwide, however, few studies exist on the effect of UPM on the olfactory system. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the destruction of the olfactory system in a mouse model following UPM exposure. Methods: Mice were divided into: control and four UPM-exposed groups (200 µg UPM at 1 and 2 weeks, and 400 µg UPM at 1 and 2 weeks [standard reference material 1649b; average particle diameter 10.5 μm]). The olfactory neuroepithelium was harvested for histologic examination, gene ontology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Results: Compared to the control group, olfactory marker protein, Olfr1507, ADCY3, and GNAL mRNA levels were lower, and S-100, CNPase, NGFRAP1, BDNF, and TACR3 mRNA levels were higher in the olfactory neuroepithelium of the UPM groups. Moderately positive correlation was present between the 1- and 2-week groups. After analyzing the 200 and 400 UPM groups separately, the strength of the association between the 200 UPM 1- and 2-week groups was moderately positive. No differences was present in the neuroepithelial inflammatory marker levels between the UPM and control groups. Conclusions: UPM could have cytotoxic effects on the olfactory epithelium. The exposure time and particular concentration of UPM exposure could affect the degree of destruction of the olfactory neuroepithelium. The olfactory regeneration mechanism could be related to the neurotrophic factors, olfactory ensheathing cell stimulation, and trigeminal nerve support.

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Effects of Urban Particulate Matter on the Olfactory System in a Mouse Model

American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy ◽

10.1177/19458924211026416 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194589242110264

Author(s):

Boo-Young Kim ◽

Ju Y. Park ◽

Kwang J. Cho ◽

Jung H. Bae

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Olfactory Epithelium ◽

Olfactory Function ◽

Control Group ◽

Average Particle ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Cytotoxic Effects ◽

Urban Particulate Matter ◽

Olfactory Neuroepithelium ◽

The Impact

Background Exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) is linked to the aggravation of various health problems. Although the nasal cavity is the first barrier to encounter UPM, there is a lack of studies on the impact of UPM on the olfactory area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of UPM on mouse olfactory epithelium, the underlying pathophysiology involved, and changes in cytokine levels. Methods Mice were divided into 4 groups: control, 400UPM (administered 400 µg UPM daily; standard reference material 1649b; average particle diameter 10.5 μm) 1week, 400UPM 2weeks, and recovery 1week after 400UPM 2weeks (n = 10, 6, 6, and 6, respectively). Olfactory function was evaluated by conducting a food-finding test once a week. The olfactory neuroepithelium was harvested for histologic examination, gene ontology, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Results Compared to those in the control group, olfactory marker protein, olfactory receptor 1507, adenylyl cyclase 3, and GNAL mRNA levels were lower and S-100, 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 30-phosphodiesterase, nerve growth factor receptor-associated protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and tachykinin receptor mRNA levels were higher in the 400UPM group olfactory neuroepithelium. There were no significant differences in neuroepithelial inflammatory marker levels between the 400UPM and saline group. Conclusions UPM decreased olfactory function and might have cytotoxic effects on the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory ensheathing cells and trigeminal nerve might be related to the regeneration of the olfactory epithelium after olfactory destruction associated with UPM.

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A Comparative Evaluation of Nanohydroxyapatite-Enriched Hydrogen Peroxide Home Bleaching System on Color, Hardness and Microstructure of Dental Enamel

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14113072 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 3072

Author(s):

Riccardo Monterubbianesi ◽

Vincenzo Tosco ◽

Tiziano Bellezze ◽

Giampaolo Giuliani ◽

Mutlu Özcan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Average Particle ◽

Color Analysis ◽

Enamel Microstructure ◽

Prismatic Structure ◽

20 Nm

This study aimed to evaluate two hydrogen peroxide (HP)-based at-home bleaching systems in order to analyze whether nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) addition may represent a reliable and safe solution for tooth whitening without altering dental microstructure and hardness. Human third molars (N = 15) were treated with two bleaching agents, one containing 6%HP (6HP) and the other 6% HP nHA-enriched (6HP-nHA) with average particle diameter ranging from 5–20 nm. Their effects on enamel were assessed using a spectrophotometer, Vickers microhardness (VMH) test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), comparing the treated groups with the non-treated control group (CTR). Color analysis revealed improvement in whiteness in both groups compared to CTR. VMH test results showed no differences among the groups. SEM analysis highlighted no evident changes in the enamel microstructure of tested groups compared to CTR. At high magnification, in 6HP group, a slight increase in irregularities of enamel surface morphology was observed, while 6HP-nHA group displayed removal of the aprismatic layer but preservation of the intact prismatic structure. These results suggest that the 6HP-nHA agent may be recommended to provide reliable whitening treatment, without damaging the enamel micromorphology and hardness.

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Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Mediate Neuroplastic Mechanisms After Olfactory Training in Mouse Model

American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy ◽

10.1177/1945892419885036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 217-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Boo-Young Kim ◽

JuYeon Park ◽

EuiJin Kim ◽

ByungGuk Kim

Keyword(s):

Olfactory System ◽

Olfactory Receptors ◽

Olfactory Ensheathing Cells ◽

Control Group ◽

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Olfactory Neuroepithelium ◽

Ensheathing Cells ◽

Olfactory Training ◽

Stimulation Of

Background Several studies have reported beneficial effects of olfactory training (OT) on the olfactory nervous system. However, the mechanisms underlying the regeneration of the olfactory system induced by OT are still under investigation. Objectives To determine the key mechanisms involved in the olfactory system recovery and to assess the neuroplastic effects of OT. Methods Thirty healthy female C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated to 4 groups: control, n = 6; anosmia (no treatment), n = 8; OT, n = 8; and steroid treatment; n = 8. Except for the control group, mice were administered 3-methylindole. Anosmia was assessed using a food-finding test (FFT). The olfactory neuroepithelium was for histological examinations, gene ontology with pathway analyses, RNA, and protein studies. Results FFT was significantly reduced at 3 weeks in the OT mice versus steroids (78.27 s vs 156.83 s, P < .008) and controls (78.27 s vs 13.14 s, P < .003), although final outcome in the FFT was similar in these groups. Expression of olfactory and neurogenesis marker was higher in the olfactory neuroepithelium of the OT group than in the anosmia group without treatment. The mechanisms underlying olfactory regeneration might be related to early olfactory receptor stimulation, followed by neurotrophic factor stimulation of neuronal plasticity. Conclusion OT can improve olfactory function and accelerate olfactory recovery. The mechanisms underlying olfactory regeneration might be related to an initial stimulation of olfactory receptors followed by neurogenesis. Olfactory ensheathing cells might play an important role in olfactory regeneration following OT, based on the observed changes in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression, as well as the findings of the gene analysis.

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ESTIMATION OF SERUM FERRITIN LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS AND ITS RELATION WITH HbA1C LEVEL.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i8.456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Shah Namrata Vinubhai ◽

Pardeep Agarwal ◽

Bushra Fiza ◽

Ramkishan Jat

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Positive Correlation

Background: Serum ferritin is known as an index for body iron stores also as an inflammatory marker and it is influenced by several disease. We were looking for a correlation between HbA1c and S. Ferritin in type 2 DM. Methodology: The present study a total of 150 participants were enrolled of which 100 were confirmed cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and rest 50 age and sex matched healthy subjects constituted the control group. All were screened for HbA1c, Fasting blood sugar, Post prandial blood sugar and S.Ferritin. Results: A highly significant variation and positive correlation was observed with respect to S.Ferritin and HbA1c levels. Mean S.Ferritin was high in the subgroup with poor glycemic control. Conclusion: The fasting, post prandial sugar levels, HbA1c and S.Ferritin were significantly higher in the diabetic subjects. This study shows a positive correlation between HbA1c and S. Ferritin levels. So we can conclude that in diabetic patients S. Ferritin may serve as an independent marker of poor glycemic and metabolic control. Keywords: Serum ferritin, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c.

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Adsorption of safranine T from aqueous medium by nano mesoporous MCM-41: adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics

Nanoscience &Nanotechnology-Asia ◽

10.2174/2210681210999200807142114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Xiao-Dong Li ◽

Qing-Zhou Zhai

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Ph Value ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Spherical Particles ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Average Particle ◽

Average Pore ◽

Kinetics And Thermodynamics ◽

Safranine T ◽

Mcm 41

Introduction: In industrial production, a small amount of saffron T emissions will cause increase of water color and increase of chemical oxygen consumption, so study of the decolorization of saffron T wastewater has an important practical significance. Methods: MCM (Mobil Composition of Matter)-41 molecular sieve was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Power Xray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the sample. Safranine T dye was adsorbed from water by the MCM-41 prepared. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the adsorption were studied. Results: The MCM-41 sample presented spherical particles and regular. The BET (Brunner-Emmett-Teller) specific surface area of the sample determined by 77 K low temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm was 932 m2 /g. Its average particle diameter was 110 nm. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) results showed that the sample structure presented a honeycomb pore structure and the average pore diameter was 3.0 nm. The results showed that when room temperature was 20 ± 1 ℃, adsorbate safranine T: adsorbent MCM-41 = 20 : 1，the optimum pH value of adsorption was 4.0 and contact time was 20 min, the adsorption rate reached 98.29% and the adsorption capacity was 19.66 mg/g. The entropy change and enthalpy change of the adsorption system are respectively ΔS0 = 157.5 J/(mol·K); ΔH0 = 21.544 kJ/mol. When temperature was 277.15, 293.15, 303.15 K，the free energy change was respectively △G1 0 = -22.107 kJ/mol, △G2 0 = -24.627 kJ/mol, △G3 0 = -26.202 kJ/mol. Conclusion: The adsorption of safranine T by MCM-41 belongs to a pseudo-second-order adsorption. This adsorption accords with the Freundlich equation and belongs to a heterogeneous adsorption. The adsorption is an endothermic reaction of entropy increase, being spontaneous.

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Arginase Isoform Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm8111809 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1809 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Diana Vlad ◽

Silviu Albu

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Control Group ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Endoscopic View ◽

Important Regulator ◽

Arginase I

Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important regulator of upper airway inflammation, mainly as part of the local naso-sinusal defense mechanisms. Increased arginase activity can reduce NO levels by decreasing the availability of its precursor, L-arginine. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been associated with low levels of nasal nitric oxide (nNO). Thus, the present study investigates the activity of arginase I (ARG1) and II (ARG2) in CRS and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease. Under endoscopic view, tissue samples of pathologic (n = 36) and normal (n = 29) rhinosinusal mucosa were collected. Arginase I and II mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR. Our results showed low arginase I activity in all samples. The levels of ARG2 were significantly higher in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis compared to the control group (fold regulation (FR) 2.22 ± 0.42 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.016). Increased ARG2 expression was found in patients with CRS without nasal polyposis (FR 3.14 ± 1.16 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.0175), in non-allergic CRS (FR 2.55 ± 0.52 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.005), and non-asthmatic CRS (FR 2.42 ± 0.57 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.028). These findings suggest that the upregulation of ARG2 may play a role in the pathology of a distinctive phenotype of CRS.

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MicroRNA-513b-5p targets COL1A1 and COL1A2 associated with the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysm

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94116-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zheng Zheng ◽

Yan Chen ◽

Yinzhou Wang ◽

Yongkun Li ◽

Qiong Cheng

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Intracranial Aneurysm ◽

Luciferase Reporter Assay ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Control Group ◽

Type I ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Reporter Assay ◽

Over Expression ◽

Tnf Α

AbstractCollagen-type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) and COL1A2 are abnormally expressed in intracranial aneurysm (IA), but their mechanism of action remains unclear. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of COL1A1 and COL1A2 affecting the occurrence and rupture of IA. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of hsa-miR-513b-5p, COL1A1, COL1A2, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and TIMP4 in patients with ruptured IA (RA) (n = 100), patients with un-ruptured IA (UA) (n = 100), and controls (n = 100). Then, human vascular smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were cultured, and dual luciferase reporter assay was performed to analyse the targeting relationship between miR-513b-5p and COL1A1 or COL1A2. The effects of the miR-513b-5p mimic and inhibitor on the proliferation, apoptosis, and death of HASMC and the RIP1-RIP3-MLKL and matrix metalloproteinase pathways were also explored. The effect of silencing and over-expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 on the role of miR-513b-5p were also evaluated. Finally, the effects of TNF-α on miR-513b-5p targeting COL1A1 and COL1A2 were tested. Compared with those in the control group, the serum mRNA levels of miR-513b-5p, IL-6 and TIMP4 were significantly decreased in the RA and UA groups, but COL1A1, COL1A2, TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Compared with those in the UA group, the expression of COL1A1, COL1A2, TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP9 was significantly up-regulated in the RA group (p < 0.05). Results from the luciferase reporter assay showed that COL1A1 and COL1A were the direct targets of miR-513b-5p. Further studies demonstrated that miR-513b-5p targeted COL1A1/2 to regulate the RIP1-RIP3-MLKL and MMP pathways, thereby enhancing cell death and apoptosis. Over-expression of COL1A1 or COL1A2, rather than silencing COL1A1/2, could improve the inhibitory effect of miR-513b-5p on cell activity by regulating the RIP1-RIP3-MLKL and MMP pathways. Furthermore, over-expression of miR-513b-5p and/or silencing COL1A1/2 inhibited the TNF-α-induced cell proliferation and enhanced the TNF-α-induced cell death and apoptosis. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of collagen I and TIMP4 expression and promotion of the expression of RIP1, p-RIP1, p-RIP3, p-MLKL, MMP2 and MMP9. MiR-513b-5p targeted the inhibition of COL1A1/2 expression and affected HASMC viability and extracellular mechanism remodelling by regulating the RIP1-RIP3-MLKL and MMP pathways. This process might be involved in the formation and rupture of IA.

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N-Acetylcysteine improves intestinal function and attenuates intestinal autophagy in piglets challenged with β-conglycinin

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-80994-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Huiyun Wang ◽

Chengcheng Li ◽

Meng Peng ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Di Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peptide Transporter ◽

Mucosal Barrier ◽

Control Group ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Intestinal Function ◽

Villus Height ◽

Human Infants ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Mucosal Barrier Function

Abstractβ-Conglycinin (β-CG), an anti-nutritional factor, is a major allergen in soybeans to induce intestinal dysfunction and diarrhea in neonatal animals, including piglets and human infants. This study with a piglet model determined the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on intestinal function and autophagy in response to β-CG challenge. Twenty-four 12-day-old piglets (3.44 ± 0.28 kg), which had been weaned at 7 days of age and adapted for 5 days after weaning, were randomly allocated to the control, β-CG, and β-CG + NAC groups. Piglets in the control group were fed a liquid diet containing 10% casein, whereas those in the β-CG and β-CG + NAC groups were fed the basal liquid diets containing 9.5% casein and 0.5% β-CG for 2 days. Thereafter, pigs in the β-CG + NAC group were orally administrated with 50 mg (kg BW)−1 NAC for 3 days, while pigs in the other two groups were orally administrated with the same volume of sterile saline. NAC numerically reduced diarrhea incidence (− 46.2%) and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, but increased claudin-1 and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (iFABP) protein abundances and activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Although β-CG challenge decreased the villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mRNA levels of claudin-1 and occludin, no significant differences were observed in these indices between the control and β-CG + NAC groups, suggesting the positive effects of NAC supplementation on intestinal mucosal barrier function. Moreover, NAC increased the concentrations of citrulline and D-xylose in the plasma, as well as the expression of genes for aquaporin (AQP) 3, AQP4, peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), sodium/glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT-1), potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 13 (KCNJ13), and solute carrier family 1 member 1 (SLC1A1) in the jejunum, demonstrating that NAC augmented intestinal metabolic activity and absorptive function. Remarkably, NAC decreased Atg5 protein abundance and the LC3II/LC3I ratio (an indicator of autophagy) in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Taken together, NAC supplementation improved intestinal function and attenuated intestinal autophagy in β-CG-challenged piglets.

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YAP1 Overexpression Is Associated with Kidney Dysfunction in Lupus Nephritis

Pathobiology ◽

10.1159/000517575 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Ying Xie ◽

Yuanyuan Ruan ◽

Huimei Zou ◽

Yixin Wang ◽

Xin Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lupus Nephritis ◽

Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Mouse Kidney ◽

Experimental Comparison ◽

Control Group ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Protein Levels

Objective: The goal of the present study was to determine the expression of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in renal tissues of mice with lupus nephritis (LN) and elucidate its role in the progression of renal fibrosis. Methods: C57BL/6 mice and MRL/lpr mice were selected for experimental comparison. Mouse kidney tissues were removed and sectioned for hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson’s trichome staining, Sirius staining, and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein levels of YAP1 in mouse kidney tissues were detected, and the correlation between YAP1 and fibronectin (FN) mRNA levels was analyzed. Mouse renal epithelial cells were used for in vitro experiments. After transfection and stimulation, the cells were divided into 4 groups, namely the C57BL/6 serum group (group 1), the MRL/lpr serum group (group 2), the MRL/lpr serum + siRNA-negative control group (group 3), and the MRL/lpr serum + siRNA-YAP1 group (group 4). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in each group were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urinary protein levels were detected and assessed for their correlation with YAP1 mRNA levels by Spearman’s analysis. Results: Compared to C57BL/6 mice, MRL/lpr mice exhibited obvious changes in fibrosis in renal tissues. In addition, YAP1 expression was significantly higher in the renal tissues of MRL/lpr mice than in those of C57BL/6 mice, and YAP1 mRNA levels were positively correlated with those of FN. YAP1 silencing in lupus serum-stimulated cells could effectively relieve serum-induced EMT. Finally, we observed that YAP1 mRNA levels in mouse kidney tissue were significantly and positively correlated with the degree of renal function injury. Conclusion: YAP1 expression in the kidney tissues of LN mice was higher than that observed in normal mice, indicating that YAP1 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of LN.

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Bee Pollen Diet Alters the Bacterial Flora and Antimicrobial Peptides in the Oral Cavities of Mice

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1282

Author(s):

Ariuntsetseg Khurelchuluun ◽

Osamu Uehara ◽

Durga Paudel ◽

Tetsuro Morikawa ◽

Yutaka Kawano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Peptides ◽

Buccal Mucosa ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Control Group ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Bee Pollen ◽

Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Metagenomic Study ◽

Systemic Health

Background: Bee pollen (BP) has a broad range of beneficial effects on health. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of BP on the oral environment, including the microbiome and antimicrobial peptides. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups: control and BP. The BP group was fed with a 5% BP diet for 1 month. Swabs from the oral and buccal mucosa and samples of the intestinal stool were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted and the microbiome was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: BP inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis at a concentration of >2.5%. The metagenomic study showed that the abundance of genus Lactococcus was significantly elevated in the oral and intestinal microbiomes of the BP group when compared to those of the control group. Significant alterations in alpha and beta diversity were observed between the oral microbiomes of the two groups. The mRNA levels of beta-defensin-2 and -3 were significantly upregulated in the buccal mucosa of the BP group. Conclusion: A BP diet may have a beneficial effect on oral and systemic health by modulating the bacterial flora and antimicrobial peptides of the oral cavity. Further investigations are needed to clarify how a BP diet affects overall human health.

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