scholarly journals Spring Break or Heart Break? Extending Valence Bias to Emotional Words

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062097229
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Harp ◽  
Catherine C. Brown ◽  
Maital Neta
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Intersubject Variability ◽  
Slow Response ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Spring Break ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Bias ◽  
Inherent Ambiguity ◽  
Ambiguous Faces

Ambiguous stimuli are useful for assessing emotional bias. For example, surprised faces could convey a positive or negative meaning, and the degree to which an individual interprets these expressions as positive or negative represents their “valence bias.” Currently, the most well-validated ambiguous stimuli for assessing valence bias include nonverbal signals (faces and scenes), overlooking an inherent ambiguity in verbal signals. This study identified 32 words with dual-valence ambiguity (i.e., relatively high intersubject variability in valence ratings and relatively slow response times) and length-matched clearly valenced words (16 positive, 16 negative). Preregistered analyses demonstrated that the words-based valence bias correlated with the bias for faces, rs(213) = .27, p < .001, and scenes, rs(204) = .46, p < .001. That is, the same people who interpret ambiguous faces/scenes as positive also interpret ambiguous words as positive. These findings provide a novel tool for measuring valence bias and greater generalizability, resulting in a more robust measure of this bias.

scholarly journals Spring break or heart break? Extending valence bias to emotional words

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Harp ◽  
Catie Brown ◽  
Maital Neta
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Slow Response ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Spring Break ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Bias ◽  
Inherent Ambiguity ◽  
Ambiguous Faces

Ambiguous stimuli are useful for assessing emotional bias. For example, surprised faces could convey a positive or negative meaning, and the degree to which an individual interprets these expressions as positive or negative represents their “valence bias.” Currently, the most well-validated ambiguous stimuli for assessing valence bias include nonverbal signals (faces and scenes), overlooking an inherent ambiguity in verbal signals. This study identified 32 words with dual-valence ambiguity (i.e., relatively high inter-subject variability in valence ratings and relatively slow response times) and length-matched clearly valenced words (16 positive, 16 negative). Preregistered analyses demonstrated that the words-based valence bias correlated with the bias for faces (rs(213)=.27, p&lt;.001) and scenes (rs(204)=.46, p&lt;.001). That is, the same people that interpret ambiguous faces/scenes as positive also interpret ambiguous words as positive. These findings provide a novel tool for measuring valence bias and greater generalizability resulting in a more robust measure of this bias.

scholarly journals Next-Generation Library Catalogs and the Problem of Slow Response Time

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Brown-Sica ◽  
Jeffrey Beall ◽  
Nina McHale
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Web Server ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Discovery Process ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Slow Response ◽  
Product Selection ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Library Catalogs

Response time as defined for this study is the time that it takes for all files that constitute a single webpage to travel across the Internet from a Web server to the end user’s browser. In this study, the authors tested response times on queries for identical items in five different library catalogs, one of them a next-generation (NextGen) catalog. The authors also discuss acceptable response time and how it may affect the discovery process. They suggest that librarians and vendors should develop standards for acceptable response time and use it in the product selection and development processes.

Effects of Repetition of Display Components on the Latency of Multiple Reports of Congruence

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96
Author(s):  
Philip H. K. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Slow Response ◽  
Word Shape

Subjects gave grouped multiple reports of the congruence of each member of arrays of one, two or three word-shape or shape-shape pairs, and a measure was taken of the time elapsing between onset of the array and initiation of a multiple yes/no report. Double and triple reports were initiated less rapidly than single reports. Replicated arrays, involving repetition of a display pair, gave similar response times for double and triple reports, and were classified faster than non-replicated arrays requiring the same over report. In the case of non-replicated arrays triple reports were initiated less rapidly than double reports. Both classes of array showed substantial effects for congruence, giving slow response times where all pairs in the array were incongruent or where the lefthand or first reported display was incongruent.

scholarly journals Development of A Fingerprint Biometric Authentication System For Secure Electronic Voting Machines

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
B U Umar ◽  
O M Olaniyi ◽  
L A Ajao ◽  
D Maliki ◽  
I C Okeke
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Graphical User Interface ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Biometric Authentication ◽  
Voting Systems ◽  
Slow Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Voting System ◽  
Authentication System

            Democratic government in the world today rely on electronic voting as the foremost means of providing credible, transparent and fair elections for the electorate. There is a need for developed electronic voting systems to be security enhanced to ensure the authenticity of the developed system. Traditional paper balloting systems suffer from vote tampering, multiple voting and illegal voting by unregistered voters. They are also, susceptible to under aged voting due to the difficulty in authenticating the identity of prospective voters. Manual collation and publication of vote results also leads to slow response times and inaccuracies in published results. This research paper proposes a system to combat the current challenges through the development of a fingerprint biometric authentication system for secure electronic voting machines. It uses a fingerprint biometric sensor, integrated via Python to verify users of the system. The inclusion of biometrics improves the security features of the system. The secure voting system is built using PHP and easy to use Graphical User Interface was designed using HTML and CSS. Users are required to interact with the machine via a 7” touchscreen interface. From the results, it shows that the developed machine has a minimum response time of 0.6 seconds for specific operation, an FAR of 2%, FRR of 10% and overall system accuracy of 94%. The developed machine is able to combat the challenges of authentication of users, thereby guaranteeing the transparency, credibility, integrity and vote authenticity of the elections.

HEROÍNA: Drug or hero? Meaning-dependent valence norms for ambiguous Spanish words

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-283
Author(s):  
Daniel Huete-Pérez ◽  
Juan Haro ◽  
Isabel Fraga ◽  
Pilar Ferré
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Ambiguous Words

AbstractSemantically ambiguous and emotional words occur frequently in language, and the different meanings of ambiguous words can sometimes have different emotional loads. For example, the Spanish word heroína (heroin/heroine) can refer to a drug or to a woman who performs a heroic act. Because both ambiguity and emotionality affect word processing, there is a need for normative databases that include data on the emotionality of the different meanings of such words. Thus far, no bases of this type are available in Spanish. With this in mind, the current study will present meaning-dependent affective (valence) ratings for 252 Spanish ambiguous words. The analyses performed show that (a) among ambiguous words, those words with meanings that have distinct affective valence are quite frequent, (b) ambiguous words rated as neutral in isolation can have meanings of opposite valence (i.e., negative-positive or positive-negative), and (c) the valence estimated for ambiguous words in isolation is better explained by the weighted average of the valence of their meanings by dominance. A database of this kind can be useful both for basic research (e.g., relationship between emotion and language and ambiguity processing) and for applied research (e.g., cognitive and emotional biases in emotional disorders and second language learning).

scholarly journals Slow response times undermine trust in algorithmic (but not human) predictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Efendić ◽  
Philippe P.F.M. Van de Calseyde ◽  
Anthony M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Slow Response

Emotional arousal and lexical specificity modulate response times differently depending on ear of presentation in a dichotic listening task

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frida Blomberg ◽  
Mikael Roll ◽  
Magnus Lindgren ◽  
K. Jonas Brännström ◽  
Merle Horne
Keyword(s):  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Listening Task

We investigated possible hemispheric differences in the processing of four different lexical semantic categories: SPECIFIC (e.g. bird), GENERAL (e.g. animal), ABSTRACT (e.g. advice), and EMOTIONAL (e.g. love). These wordtypes were compared using a dichotic listening paradigm and a semantic category classification task. Response times (RTs) were measured when participants classified testwords as concrete or abstract. In line with previous findings, words were expected to be processed faster following right-ear presentation. However, lexical specificity and emotional arousal were predicted to modulate response times differently depending on the ear of presentation. For left-ear presentation, relatively faster RTs were predicted for SPECIFIC and EMOTIONAL words as opposed to GENERAL and ABSTRACT words. An interaction of ear and wordtype was found. For right-ear presentation, RTs increased as testwords’ imageability decreased along the span SPECIFIC–GENERAL–EMOTIONAL–ABSTRACT. In contrast, for left ear presentation, EMOTIONAL words were processed fastest, while SPECIFIC words gave rise to long RTs on par with those for ABSTRACT words. Thus, the prediction for EMOTIONAL words presented in the left ear was borne out, whereas the prediction for SPECIFIC words was not. This might be related to previously found differences in processing of stimuli at a global or local level.

scholarly journals Can valence and origin of emotional words influence the assessments of ambiguous stimuli in terms of warmth or competence?

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10488
Author(s):  
Kamil K. Imbir ◽  
Maciej Pastwa
Keyword(s):  
Affective State ◽  
General Character ◽  
Dual Processes ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Origin Effect

People tend to think that emotions influence the way they think in a spectacular way. We wanted to determine whether it is possible to prime the assessments of ambiguous stimuli by presenting emotion-laden words. We did not expect the differences in assessments that depend only on the emotional factors to be particularly large. Participants were presented with words differing in valence and origin of an affective state, but aligned for arousal, concreteness, length and frequency of use. Their first task was to remember a word. While keeping the word in mind, their second task was to guess by intuition whether the symbol was related to certain traits. Participants assessed objects represented by coding symbols on the scales of warmth or competence. We expected positive valence and automatic origin to promote higher ratings in terms of warmth and reflective origin to promote higher ratings in terms of competence. Positive valence appeared to boost assessments in terms of both warmth and competence, while the origin effect was found to be dissociative: automatic origin promoted intensity of warmth assessments and reflective origin intensity of competence assessments. The study showed an existing relation between emotional and social aspects of the mind, and therefore supports the conclusion that both domains may result from dual processes of a more general character.

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