scholarly journals Assumed Lighting Direction in the Interpretation of Cast Shadows

i-Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 204166951879057
Author(s):  
Tomomi Koizumi ◽  
Hiroyuki Ito ◽  
Shoji Sunaga ◽  
Masaki Ogawa ◽  
Erika Tomimatsu
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Side Condition ◽  
Cast Shadow ◽  
Horizontal Orientation ◽  
The Right

Assumed lighting direction in cast-shadow interpretation was investigated. Experiment 1 used an ambiguous object–shadow-matching task to measure bias in shadow-matching direction. The shadow-matching bias was largest when the lighting direction was on average 38.3° left from above (a median of 25.1°). Experiment 2 tested the effect of body posture (head orientation) on cast-shadow interpretation using stimuli aligned in a head-centrically vertical or horizontal orientation. The below-shadow (light-from-above) bias in the head-centric frame was robust across the sitting upright, reclining-on-the-left-side, reclining-on-the-right-side, and supine conditions. A right-shadow (light-from-left) bias in the head-centric frame was found for the sitting upright and reclining-on-the-right-side conditions. In the reclining-on-the-left-side condition, shadow biases to the gravitational below direction and head-centric right direction may have cancelled each other out. These results are consistent with findings from previous shape-from-shading studies, suggesting that the same light-source assumption is applied to shading and shadow interpretations.

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

Sequence of Nasal-Stops as a Distinct Segment in Balinese

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Suparsa
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Official Document ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Body

The article entitled “Sequence of Nasal-Stops as A Distinct Segment in Balinese” attempts to investigate wheather Balinese has sequence of nasal stops both bilabial nasal stops (<m-b>, <m-p>), alveolar nasal-stops (<n-d>, <n-t>), and velar nasal-stops (<ng-g>, <ng-k> or it has a prenasal stops both bilabial prenasal stops (<mb>, <mp>), alveolar prenasal stops (<nd>, <nt>) or it has velar prenasal stops (<ngg>, <ngk>). Based upon the data analysis, it has sequence of nasal-stop segments. The judgement is based on (1) the existence of suspicious syllabic nasal phonemes, (2) its clear word structure such as (a) VC.CVC e.g. <aggag> /aggag/ [ag.gag] ‘open’, (b) CVC.CV e.g. <bakta> /bakta/ [bak.ta] ‘bring’, (c) CVC.CVC e.g. <dapdap> /dapdap/ [dap.dap] ‘careful’ and (d) VC.CV e.g. <akta> /akta/ [ak.ta] ’official document’. (3) On the bases of its clear word structure, Balinese shares sequence of nasal-stop segments both bilabial nasal-stop such as <m-b> e.g. <embok> ‘elder sister’ of which the right pronunciation is [ǝm.bɔk] rather than prenasal stop [ᵐb] as in [ᵐbɔk], alveolar nasal-stop such as <n-d> in <cande> ‘just for kidding’ of which the right pronunciation is [can.dǝ] rather than prenasal stop [ⁿd] in [ca.ⁿdǝ] and velar nasal-stop such as <ng-g> in <bengkek> ‘short body posture’ of which the right pronunciation is [bǝŋ.kǝk] rather than velar prenasal [ᵑg] in [bǝ.ᵑkǝk].

Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal Encodes Three-Dimensional Head Orientations in Fick-Like Coordinates

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 604-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana M. Klier ◽  
Hongying Wang ◽  
J. Douglas Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Interstitial Nucleus Of Cajal ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Behavioral Constraints ◽  
The Right

Two central, related questions in motor control are 1) how the brain represents movement directions of various effectors like the eyes and head and 2) how it constrains their redundant degrees of freedom. The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) integrates velocity commands from the gaze control system into position signals for three-dimensional eye and head posture. It has been shown that the right INC encodes clockwise (CW)-up and CW-down eye and head components, whereas the left INC encodes counterclockwise (CCW)-up and CCW-down components, similar to the sensitivity directions of the vertical semicircular canals. For the eyes, these canal-like coordinates align with Listing’s plane (a behavioral strategy limiting torsion about the gaze axis). By analogy, we predicted that the INC also encodes head orientation in canal-like coordinates, but instead, aligned with the coordinate axes for the Fick strategy (which constrains head torsion). Unilateral stimulation (50 μA, 300 Hz, 200 ms) evoked CW head rotations from the right INC and CCW rotations from the left INC, with variable vertical components. The observed axes of head rotation were consistent with a canal-like coordinate system. Moreover, as predicted, these axes remained fixed in the head, rotating with initial head orientation like the horizontal and torsional axes of a Fick coordinate system. This suggests that the head is ordinarily constrained to zero torsion in Fick coordinates by equally activating CW/CCW populations of neurons in the right/left INC. These data support a simple mechanism for controlling head orientation through the alignment of brain stem neural coordinates with natural behavioral constraints.

scholarly journals A Novel Technique for Mapping the Vascularity of Labia Minora Prior to Labiaplasty: Cold Light Illumination

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (08) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aski Kaya ◽  
Ozan Dogan ◽  
Murat Yassa ◽  
Alper Basbug ◽  
Eray Çalışkan
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Labia Minora ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Right ◽  
Upper Third

Abstract Objective Aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of a novel technique to determine the vascularity of labia minora prior to labiaplasty. Methods A cold light source employed in laparoscopic procedures was used to illuminate the outer surface of the labia minora as described in this prospective descriptive study. Results Of the patients, 46.1% (n = 41) had upper third prominence, 36% (n = 32) had middle third prominence, and 18% (n = 16) had lower third prominence according to the Banwell classification of morphologies. Right labia minora width was 0 – 2 cm in 51.7% (n = 46), 2 – 4 cm in 47.2% (n = 42) and > 4 cm in 1.1% (n = 1) of cases. Left labia minora width was 0 – 2 cm in 52.8% (n = 47), 2 – 4 cm in 41.6% (n = 37) and > 4 cm in 5.6% (n = 5) of cases. The incidence of Anterior 2 and Posterior 1 vessels in the different morphologies were statistically significantly different (p = 0.007, p = 0.018). The Anterior 2 vessel was higher in the lower morphology group whereas the Posterior 1 vessel was higher in the upper morphology group. A central vessel was observed in 93.3% (n = 83) of patients in the left labium minus and the right labium minus. The incidence of the Posterior 1 vessel was significantly higher in the left labium minus than in the right labium minus (p = 0.021). Discussion This novel technique to assess labial vascularity using a cold light source could be very useful to reduce dehiscence by avoiding excessive resection of highly vascularized tissue. Most units can easily access a cold light source, which can be used to assess labial vascularity prior to labiaplasty.

The three-dimensional stable mandibular landmarks in patients between the ages of 12.5 to 17.1 years

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui Chen ◽  
Mona Al Awadi ◽  
David William Chambers ◽  
Manuel O Lagravère-Vich ◽  
Tianmin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Mandibular Canal ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stable Structures

Abstract Background: With the aid of implants, Björk identified the two-dimensional mandibular stable structures in cephalogram during facial growth. However, we don't know the three-dimensional stable structures exactly. The purpose of this study was to identify the most stable mandibular landmarks in growing patients using three-dimensional images.Methods: The sample was comprised of two cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken about 4.6 years apart in 20 growing patients between the ages of 12.5 (T1) to 17.1 years (T2). After head orientation, landmarks were located on the chin (Pog), internal symphysis (Points C, D and E), and mandibular canals, which included the mental foramina (MF and MFA) and mandibular foramina (MdF). The linear distance change between Point C and these landmarks was measured on each CBCT to test stability through time. The reliability of the suggested stable landmarks was also evaluated. Results: The total distance changes between Point C and points D, E, Pog, MF, and MFA were all less than 1.0 mm from T1 to T2. The reliability measures of these landmarks, which were measured by the Cronbach alpha, were above 0.94 in all three dimensions for each landmark. From T1 to T2, distance changes from Point C to the right and left mandibular foramina were respectively 3.39±3.29 mm and 3.03±2.83 mm. Conclusions: During a growth period that averaged 4.6-years, ranging from 11.2 to 19.8 years, the structures that appeared relatively stable and could be used in mandibular regional superimposition included Pog, landmarks on the inferior part of the internal symphysis, and the mental foramen. The centers of the mandibular foramina, the starting points of the mandibular canal, underwent significant changes in the transverse and sagittal dimensions.

scholarly journals Leaning to the Left Makes the Eiffel Tower Seem Smaller

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1511-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Eerland ◽  
Tulio M. Guadalupe ◽  
Rolf A. Zwaan
Keyword(s):  
Number Line ◽  
Mental Number Line ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Wii Balance Board ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Line Theory ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Right ◽  
Balance Board

In two experiments, we investigated whether body posture influences people’s estimation of quantities. According to the mental-number-line theory, people mentally represent numbers along a line with smaller numbers on the left and larger numbers on the right. We hypothesized that surreptitiously making people lean to the right or to the left would affect their quantitative estimates. Participants answered estimation questions while standing on a Wii Balance Board. Posture was manipulated within subjects so that participants answered some questions while they leaned slightly to the left, some questions while they leaned slightly to the right, and some questions while they stood upright. Crucially, participants were not aware of this manipulation. Estimates were significantly smaller when participants leaned to the left than when they leaned to the right.

Some New Effects: Phenomenal Glare, Luminous ‘Mist’ and Dark ‘Smoke’

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 58-58
Author(s):  
D Zavagno
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Spreading Effect ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Black Smoke ◽  
Grey Scale ◽  
Intense Light ◽  
To Come ◽  
Normal Light ◽  
The Right ◽  
Background Brightness

The impression of glare is caused by a very intense light source. However, here I show that this impression can also be generated with normal light intensities. The strength of the effect depends on the number of elements used to produce it. The elements are 2 cm × 5 cm rectangles. A single horizontal achromatic rectangle is first used on a homogeneous white or black background. From left to right, the brightness of the rectangle varies smoothly from black to white. The left part of the rectangle appears to progressively bend toward the background when the background is black, while the rectangle appears straight and to fade into an apparent white mist near its right side when the background is white. When the background is black, two horizontal rectangles, mirror-shaded from black to white, so that their black ends face each other with a 2 cm gap between them, appear either to bend toward the background or to be straight and to fade into a sort of dark ‘smoke’. When the background is white with the left rectangle varying in brightness from black to white and the right one from white to black, the rectangles look straight with a sort of white glare appearing to come out from the gap. The black ‘smoke’ and the white glare look more compelling when there are four rectangles forming a cross with a central square gap. It can be argued that this and the neon spreading effect are unrelated. Instead, psychophysical experiments suggest that the glare and smoke effects depend on a relation between the grey scale gradient and the background brightness.

scholarly journals Optimizing Multi-Item EOQ when the Constraint of Annual Number of Orders is Active

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Karzan Mahdi Ghafour ◽  
Rezan Hama Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Order Quantity ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
Inventory Models ◽  
Lagrange Method ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Side Condition ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Formula

The responsibility in inventory models decides of how much or how many of inventory items to order. An economic order quantity (EOQ) differs from a model to another according to the assumptions and the variables. This paper has developed the EOQ in two deterministic inventory model (Purchases with shortage and production with shortage) of multi-item when the objective function is subjected to annual number of orders. The constraints are assumed to be active if the left hand side does not satisfy the right hand side condition. Thus, Lagrange method is used to find the new multi-item EOQ in each two models with the constraint to achieve the new formula of EOQ. Finally, a numerical example is provided to justify the proposed model.

scholarly journals Directional Bias in the Perception of Cast Shadows

i-Perception ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 204166951668226
Author(s):  
Tomomi Koizumi ◽  
Hiroyuki Ito ◽  
Shoji Sunaga ◽  
Masaki Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Cast Shadow ◽  
Perceptual Interaction

Previous studies have demonstrated that the perception of shading is based upon assumptions about lighting direction, for example, light from above. However, it is not clear whether these assumptions are used in the perception of cast shadows. Moreover, it is unclear whether a perceptual interaction exists between shading and cast shadows because until now they have been studied separately. In this study, we investigated through three experiments whether the light-from-above (or another direction) assumption is used in interpreting ambiguous cast shadows, and whether shading information influences the interpretation of cast shadows. Our results indicate the existence of the light-from-above assumption in interpreting cast shadows. Consistent shading information enhanced the interpretation, and judgments of lighting direction were also based on both cast shadow and shading information. However, the perceptual determination of shape from shading was relatively independent of the cast shadow interpretation or the lighting direction judgments of the scene.

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