RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IBN KHALDUN'S URBAN PLANNING AND THE PLANS OF THE LOCAL AUTHORITY OF BANDAR BARU BANGI

Urban planning is a combination of two important factors: arts and science. It is used to facilitate the economic, social, political and physical changes of an area, including the selection of urban location, shape, and impact of urban planning. Comprehensive planning realizes the needs of the population with strong support from the local political authority. This study analyses the relationship between Ibn Khaldun's urban planning principles to Bandar Baru Bangi's urban planning and physical development. This study uses the content analysis method from the primary source of Ibn Khaldun's “Mukadimah” and government documents; the Rancangan Tempatan Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (Pengubahan 4) 2020 [RT MPKj (P4) 2020]. It is the official document that discusses the proposal of land use and physical development in the Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (MPKj) area. Special planning guidelines were used to develop Bandar Baru Bangi (BBB) as "Bandar Ilmu" (Knowledge City) and also part of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) project. Urban planning by Ibn Khaldun and the Cyber Centre Planning Guidelines by MPKj in RT MPKj (P4) 2020 have similarities and differences. It is because of the wide time interval between both (years 1344 and 2011). The impact of technology provides different views and plans in both. However, urban planning goals and objectives remain the same: to provide comfort, convenience, and peace for people to conduct daily routines while improving security and progress.

Re: Privacy; investigating the accessibility of online legal documents in relation to the privacy paradox

<p>Website Terms of Service and Privacy Policy documents are the delivery methods employed by online services to inform internet users of how information is treated on their platform. When users fail to read or understand these documents, many issues can arise. These issues take shape in the form of unwillingness to use services, misunderstandings of how online data is treated, and/or user concerns for personal privacy. Currently, the leading factors influencing user motivation to read these documents include (but are not limited to) document length, complicated language, and time required to read. To encourage users to engage with these documents, this research investigates the delivery methods service providers use to present these legal documents online. During the course of this investigation, the proposal of a new method of presenting website Privacy Policies to users is explored. This tool, ‘Re: Privacy’, was developed with the aim of increasing user awareness of online data treatment, whilst minimising the factors that dissuade users from reading the official document. Published alongside Re: Privacy is a comprehensive analysis of website legal documents and user understanding of these documents. This analysis also provides an investigation into user understanding of current website legal documents, and how user understanding can be improved.</p>

Re: Privacy; investigating the accessibility of online legal documents in relation to the privacy paradox

<p>Website Terms of Service and Privacy Policy documents are the delivery methods employed by online services to inform internet users of how information is treated on their platform. When users fail to read or understand these documents, many issues can arise. These issues take shape in the form of unwillingness to use services, misunderstandings of how online data is treated, and/or user concerns for personal privacy. Currently, the leading factors influencing user motivation to read these documents include (but are not limited to) document length, complicated language, and time required to read. To encourage users to engage with these documents, this research investigates the delivery methods service providers use to present these legal documents online. During the course of this investigation, the proposal of a new method of presenting website Privacy Policies to users is explored. This tool, ‘Re: Privacy’, was developed with the aim of increasing user awareness of online data treatment, whilst minimising the factors that dissuade users from reading the official document. Published alongside Re: Privacy is a comprehensive analysis of website legal documents and user understanding of these documents. This analysis also provides an investigation into user understanding of current website legal documents, and how user understanding can be improved.</p>

Official document: material/immaterial object or product of offenses of forged public acts. PART II

In this scientific approaches are pointed and characterized the internal (content) features of the official document: the material/immaterial object or product of the offence of forged public acts. The official document, regardless of its form, is characterized by a specific content. The specificity of this content is determined by: a) the particularity, according to which the official document is in circulation due to the exercise by public person or by person with a dignity position of their service attributions and b) the particularity, according to which the official document is an act with legal relevance, being apt to lead to the appearance, modification or termination of some legal relations. It is also pointed that in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Moldova, only the official document, not the private one can be a material/immaterial object or product of the offenses of forged public acts.

Evaluating Georgian, as a Foreign Language Writing textbooks for the Georgian Language

The interest towards studying Georgian, as a foreign language, has been highly established in our century. This interest was stated much earlier as well, which became a reason of publishing the Georgian Language learning materials. It needs to be indicated, that many foreign people have showed interest in speaking Georgian language during past two decades. Teaching Georgian as a foreign language is much more different than teaching Georgian as a second language. Several textbooks have been published past several years. It needs a huge work to create a textbook, especially for the Georgian language. There are many books to study foreign languages, which are tested and result oriented. Nowadays we clearly see that there`s no problem to find new materials and attitudes by using internet sources. Having got introduced to other languages` learning materials, many authors desired, with a belief in themselves, to create textbooks for teaching ‘’Georgian, as a Foreign Language”. Every author has a different attitude, which leads us to a diversity of choices and competitions. Even if there are many resources, paths of learning, methods and strategies shared among people, should be admitted that the structure of the language and methodological approaches must be considered, otherwise, the result won`t be achieved. In order to declare the level of mastering the language, the authors have been using a book “Description of the levels of Georgian language” published by Marika Odzeli in 2006. It`s highly appreciated that the parliament passed a resolution №394 to affirm the terms of Georgian Literature Language. Appendix 4 generally describes the levels of Georgian Language. This official document is very encouraging; It is a support for the indicators and proofs of the Georgian language evaluation. It gives an opportunity to declare the compliance of the materials, textbooks, results in accordance with the language. Main goal of the textbooks must be determined; the way of teaching must be represented; the textbooks must follow the logic; every single assessment must be structured; methodological linkage must be provided; a lead from simple to more complex, must be preserved; lexicology must be put in order with the goal. Georgian language learner has a great choice, one can study with free textbooks uploaded on the Internet, as well as with books printed by different authors. Also, many philologists of Georgian language and literature or non-philologists, teachers of different foreign languages, teach Georgian as a foreign language. It is also very important for them to choose a textbook so that the teaching process is targeted and they do not have to spend time preparing specific materials along the way. The questions is how to choose a curriculum, textbook or how to figure out which book will be useful? It's a difficult process, but crucial for the outcome.When evaluating a textbook, we should describe the book, we should agree with ourselves, and we should set out the criterias; Focused questions are crucial for evaluation; It is now possible to prove our vision with the evidence.

The Progress of Global Antimicrobial Resistance Governance and Its Implication to China: A Review

China has great potential for engaging in global actions on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) control. This study aims to summarize the process of global AMR governance and provide relevant policy recommendations on how China could take more initiative in the global AMR governance. We searched for academic articles and official document published or issued before December 2020 in e-journal databases, official websites of major organizations, and the relevant national ministries. This review revealed that global action on AMR control has experienced three stages: (1) The beginning stage (1980s and 1990s) when actions were mainly sponsored by high-income countries and AMR surveillance was focused on hospitals; (2) The rapid development stage (2000–2010) when global AMR governance began to concentrate on joint actions in multi-sectors, and developing countries were gradually involved in global actions; (3) The comprehensive stage (2011 to present) when global actions on AMR have covered various fields in different countries. China’s AMR governance has fallen behind at the beginning but recently began to catch up with the global trend. The central government should take a far-fetched view, act decisively and positively towards the global efforts of addressing AMR to play a more active and greater role on the international stage.

The use of a knowingly forged passport, identity card or other official document granting rights or relieving from responsibilities: problems of application of Art. 327, Part 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems of application of Art. 327, Part 3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, related to the operation of the norm in time; with delimitation from the norm covered by Art. 327, Part 5 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; with the content of such an act as use, the moment of its ending, the matching with the counterfeit, as well as with the acquisition, storage and transportation. The author substantiates the conclusion about the need to exclude Part 5 of Art. 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; a broader definition of the concept of “use of a knowingly forged document” is proposed, including not only the submission of such a document in order to obtain (confirm) the rights or relieve from responsibilities, but also the very use of the obtained rights or relieving from responsibilities on the basis of the submitted document; the critical assessment of the actions of a person ordered the forged document with providing personal information is done, such actions are considered as complicity in the forgery. The author’s attention is drawn to the prevalence of incompleteness of the wording of the accusation when qualifying the actions of persons who acquired, stored, transported a forged document in order to use it, and then used it. The article formulates recommendations for solving the issues of applying Part 3 of Article 327 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Official document: material/immaterial object or product of offenses of forged public acts. PART I.

In this scientific approaches is defined the “document”, in general, and the „official document”, in particular, as an entity that appears in the position of material/immaterial object or product of the offenses of forged public acts. It is shown that the notion „document” has the following features (characteristics and to official document): a) implies the presence of a support; b) consists of information; c) possesses attributes based on which it is identified. Correspondingly, the official document (species of the document) consists of: a) information (with the particularity that it is of an official nature) and b) informational support (materialized or electronic). The criminal law of the Republic of Moldova does not include a definition of the notion „official document”. Nor in other national normative acts the notion in question is not explained. The meaning of the notion „official document” transpire from the text of some legal provisions with a non-legal-criminal character. Also, the content of this term is reproduced in the text of some international legal instruments, among which: the Convention of the Council of Europe on access to official documents, signed in Tromsø on 18.06.2009, in force for the Republic of Moldova from December 2020.