The cognitive structure of the word-formation system and methodological issues of teaching of the Kazakh language

Human beings understand and interpret what is happening around them in their mother tongue. It is a fact that in recent years, language teaching has been given importance as a communication tool. Each language carries out the processes of understanding and explaining, consisting of its own specific structures and rules. In terms of the basic language skills involved in these two processes, the behaviours and methods of language learners and teachers who will ensure that they can use their mother tongue correctly are very important. The historical development of multilingualism in Kazakhstan consists of several stages. Multilingualism has brought with it problems in Kazakh teaching in Kazakhstan. For this purpose, it is important to determine the opinions of classroom teachers about teaching the Kazakh language in terms of word structure, the suitability of the contents of the textbooks, and the qualifications of teachers in language teaching. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 19 classroom teachers working in Kazakhstan. In this study, the findings obtained using the qualitative research method were analysed in detail. It has been concluded that there are points where the contents of the textbooks are not suitable for the classroom teachers, the methods and techniques they use in language teaching are insufficient and these inadequacies cause problems. Keywords: Kazakh, language teaching, method and technique, language, speaking

Function Words at the Interface: A Two-Tier Approach

The distinction between function words and content words poses a challenge to theories of the syntax–prosody interface. On the one hand, function words are “ignored” by the mapping algorithms; that is, function words are not mapped to prosodic words. On the other hand, there are numerous accounts of function words which form prosodic words and can even be analysed as heads of larger prosodic units. Furthermore, function words seem to be a driving factor for the formation of prosodic structures in that they can largely be held accountable for the non-isomorphism between syntactic and prosodic constituency. This paper discusses these challenges with a focus on a particular function word, and the first-person nominative pronoun in Swabian, a Southern German dialect. By means of two corpus studies, it is shown that the pronoun occurs in two forms, the prosodic word [i:] and the enclitic [ə]. Depending on clause position and focus structure, the forms occur in complementary distribution. Occurrences of n-insertion allow for the establishment of a recursive prosodic word structure at the level of the phonological module. The findings support a new proposal in the form of a two-tier mapping approach to the interface between syntax and prosody.

Word structure tunes electrophysiological and hemodynamic responses in the frontal cortex

As a morphological impoverished language, how does word structure impact Chinese lexical processing in the brain? To address this issue, the current study examined the temporal signatures and localizations in the human brain for morphological priming effect (compound/derivation constitute priming vs. non-morphological priming) and word structure modulation (derivation vs. compound) in light of EEG-fNIRS fusion. Whilst morphological priming effect was manifested in behavioral performance and left prefrontal hemodynamic responses, word structure effect was prominent drawing on behavioral, ERP, and fNIRS data. Chinese derivations elicited greater activation in the frontal cortex and engaged more distributed network than lexicalized compounds. The results were interpreted by the differing connection patterns between constitute morphemes within a given word structure from spreading activation perspective. Together, Chinese word structure effect showed a distinct pattern from the dual-route mechanism in alphabetic languages. Meanwhile, the current study for the first time identified dissociable behavioral and neurophysiological responses of Chinese derivations and coordinate compounds.

Analysis on Code-Switching in Pinoy Songs

Code-switching in songs is one of the recent techniques used by songwriters in bilingual and multilingual countries which has been proven to achieve commercial success within the market of popular music. The study which examined the types, functions, and pedagogical implications of code-switching in songs, utilized mixed methods in research and homogeneous purposive sampling in generating 15 select Filipino popular songs for content analysis. This study revealed the types of code-switching in songs which are classified into three groups which are the word structure, sentence structure, and song structure. The type of code-switching according to word structure is intra-word switching. According to sentence structure, the types of code-switching are inter-sentential switching, intra-sentential switching, and tag-switching. Moreover, according to song structure, the types of code-switching are intra-sectional switching and inter-sectional switching. Evidently, the seven functions of code-switching identified by Bloom and Gumperz are revealed in the study. It is, therefore, recommended that using code-switching in crafting songs may be taught to students. Furthermore, future research may be done for a more in-depth investigation of code-switching in songs. Language research teachers and linguistic scholars may use this study as a reference in studying the code-witching phenomenon in the languages and songs in their respective countries. A monograph on code-switching in songs may also be constructed.

The function of derivational affixes found in highend magazine

The objectives of this research are to know the function of derivational affixes and to analyze the word structure of derivational affixes found in HighEnd Magazine. This study focused on the function and the word structure of affixes attached in each word found in HighEnd Magazine. The magazine entitled HighEnd Magazine is used as the data source. In this research the writer used observation method in collecting the data and qualitative method was used to analyze the data. The data were analyzed by using theory from Katamba (1993) and Carstairs and McCarthy (2002). The researcher used formal and informal method to present the result of the analysis. There are 302 words attached by derivational affixes found in HighEnd Magazine. There are two functions of derivational morpheme they are class changing morpheme and class maintaining morpheme.

Robust effects of working memory demand during naturalistic language comprehension in language-selective cortex

A standard view of human language processing is that comprehenders build richly structured mental representations of natural language utterances, word by word, using computationally costly memory operations supported by domain-general working memory resources. However, three core claims of this view have been questioned, with some prior work arguing that (1) rich word-by-word structure building is not a core function of the language comprehension system, (2) apparent working memory costs are underlyingly driven by word predictability (surprisal), and/or (3) language comprehension relies primarily on domain-general rather than domain-specific working memory resources. In this work, we simultaneously evaluate all three of these claims using naturalistic comprehension in fMRI. In each participant, we functionally localize (a) a language-selective network and (b) a ‘multiple-demand’ network that supports working memory across domains, and we analyze the responses in these two networks of interest during naturalistic story listening with respect to a range of theory-driven predictors of working memory demand under rigorous surprisal controls. Results show robust surprisal-independent effects of word-by-word memory demand in the language network and no effect of working memory demand in the multiple demand network. Our findings thus support the view that language comprehension (1) entails word-by-word structure building using (2) computationally intensive memory operations that are not explained by surprisal. However, these results challenge (3) the domain-generality of the resources that support these operations, instead indicating that working memory operations for language comprehension are carried out by the same neural resources that store linguistic knowledge.Significance StatementThis study uses fMRI to investigate signatures of working memory (WM) demand during naturalistic story listening, using a broad range of theoretically motivated estimates of WM demand. Results support a strong effect of WM demand in language-selective brain regions but no effect of WM demand in “multiple demand” regions that have previously been associated with WM in non-linguistic domains. We further show evidence that WM effects in language regions are distinct from effects of word predictability. Our findings support a core role for WM in incremental language processing, using WM resources that are specialized for language.

Bracketing paradoxes: A dependency grammar analysis in terms of morph catenae

This manuscript examines various types of bracketing paradoxes: classical “personal noun” constructions, parasynthetic compounds, agentive deverbal nouns, compound denominal adjectives, plural nouns with lexicalized modifiers, multiple auxiliary constructions, and German particle verb constructions. We argue that given a dependency-based view of both sentence and word structure, these bracketing puzzles become non-paradoxical. The morph catena is taken to be the fundamental unit of morphosyntax. A morph catena is A MORPH OR A COMBINATION OF MORPHS THAT ARE CONTINUOUS WITH RESPECT TO DOMINANCE. This notion is derived from its syntactic equivalent, the catena, which is defined as a word or a combination of words that are continuous with respect to dominance. Given an understanding of morphosyntax that acknowledges morph catenae, bracketing paradoxes are resolved by the ability of morph catenae to reach across words to include parts of words.

Write Clear Research Explanations

Writing clear research explanations for scientific papers and other professional publications means using short, concise “thrifty” words and eliminating unnecessary “padding” words. Choosing precisely the right word will improve your writing, but also seek out the most vivid, compelling word. Structure sentences to communicate an idea clearly: keep the average sentence short to improve comprehension and give ideas punch, write longer sentences for more complex ideas, and place the concept at the beginning or end. Use the active voice to strengthen your explanations and engage the reader. Proofread exhaustively, performing each of the three levels of proofreading separately. Composing readable prose also means writing for the “reading eye,” taking into account the perceptual process of reading by creating layouts that offer visual landmarks such as paragraph indents, white space, drop caps, and pull quotes.