scholarly journals Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 205032451668332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Hartogsohn
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Psychedelic Research

Set and setting is a term which refers to the psychological, social, and cultural parameters which shape the response to psychedelic drugs. The concept is considered fundamental to psychedelic research and has also been used to describe nonpharmacological factors which shape the effects of other agents such as alcohol, heroin, amphetamines, or cocaine. This paper reviews the history and evolution of the concept of set and setting from the 19th-century Parisian Club des Hashischins, through to 1950s psychotomimetic research on nondrug determinants of psychopharmacology, the use of extra-drug techniques by psychedelic therapists of the 1950s, and the invention of the concept of set and setting by Leary. Later developments and expansions on the concept of set and setting are discussed, and the term of collective set and setting is suggested as a theoretical tool to describe the social forces which shape individual set and setting situations. The concept of set and setting, it is argued, is crucial not only for psychedelic research but also for advancing drug research and developing more effective drug policy.

scholarly journals Research of the History of Inter-Religious Relations in Ukraine in the Kyiv Theological Academy (Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Luidmila Pastushenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the first attempt of a complete and systematic analysis of historic and theological publications of teachers and pupils of the Kyiv Theological Academy in the second half of the 19th – beginning of 20th century in the field of studying the history of relations of Catholicism and Protestantism with Orthodox on the Ukrainian lands. The specifics of Kyiv academic historians studies was determined by the social and-political circumstances in the middle of the 19th century and denoted by an attempt to comprehend this issue in the perspective of the history of interconfessional relations of two Western Christian traditions with the eastern tradition of Orthodoxy in the historical gap of the 16th – 17th centuries – the period of the largest confrontation in confessional relations in Ukraine. The author clarifies the characteristic features of researching the question of inter-confessional interaction in the 15th – 17th centuries, which are expressed in attempts to describe the coexistence of three denominations as multidimensional and provoking а variety of different interpretations. Historical studies present the attempt to show confessional interaction in the political and legal aspects and to provide historical interpretations to the ground of philosophy of history. The article proves the tendency of Kyiv academic researchers to move away from the established Russian historiography of the 19th century view at confessional relations in Ukraine through the prism of hard confrontation and outline in religious life Ukraine conditions and circumstances of inter-confessional dialogue. Also, historians in their studies repeatedly note the significant educational and outlook influence of Western Christian denominations on the formation of educational, cultural, theological, literary traditions in Ukraine.

Maps, Power, and the Pacification of La Araucanía-Chile, 1850–1900

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Azócar Fernández ◽  
Zenobio Saldivia Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Critical Cartography ◽  
History Of Cartography ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the history of cartography and in critical cartography, there is a link between the role of maps and power relations, especially during the conquest and domination of territories by national states. Such cartographic products have frequently been used—for both their scientific and persuasive content—in different places, such as in Chile in the Araucanía region during the so-called pacification process, led by the Chilean state during the second half of the 19th century. From a cartographic perspective, the “epistemological and unintentional silences on the maps” can be observed for maps produced during this process. It implied that the “scientific discourse” and the “social and political discourse” of the cartographic images generated during this process of conquest and domination were relevant for the expansionist objectives of the Republic of Chile.

scholarly journals Jindřichův Hradec and the Landfras Family of Printers

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 146-153
Author(s):  
František Fürbach
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Town Council ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The beginning of the article briefly outlines the history of Jindřichův Hradec from its foundation through its development in the 15th century and especially in the 16th century, until the 19th century, when the Landfras printing works functioned in the town. Afterwards, the article focuses on the Landfras family of printers and its work in Jindřichův Hradec. It deals with the founder of the printing works, Josef Jan Landfras (1869–1840), as well as with his family background and his public activities. Most attention is devoted to his successor, Alois Landfras (1797–1875), who became one of the most remarkable figures in the history of Jindřichův Hradec, because he was very actively involved in social events in the town. From 1841, he was a member of the town council; ten years later, he was elected mayor and remained in the position for ten years. His private and family life is marginally mentioned as well. The last member of the family active in the 19th century was Vilém Antonín Landfras (1830–1902), who was also a member of the town council. Thanks to him, the weekly Ohlas od Nežárky [Echoes from the River Nežárka] began to be published in the town in 1871. The article further mentions his important role in the organisation of the social entertainment of burghers and his family life. The end of the paper is devoted to his son, Vilém Bohumil Landfras (1865–1931), whose work falls into the first third of the 20th century.

scholarly journals The role of confucianism in sociopolitics of the Nguyen dynasty in the first half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
鬼谷 子
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The research focuses on how the Nguyen dynasty it became the first to have the largest territory in the history of Vietnam in its nearly 60 years of establishing and reigning over the unified country in the first half of the 19th century. It is seen that in terms of organizing the state apparatus, Gia Long and Minh Mang retained the system of agencies of the previous dynasties and continued reforms to ensure socio-political stability in their governance at that time. The study also clarifies the social role of Confucianism in the Nguyen dynasty, i.e. in the first half of the 19th century, which, in our opinion, is theoretically and practically significant, with the hope of further unraveling the role of Confucianism in that period.

Cultural and Social Inclusion Efforts – A Significant Aspect of Early Lithuanian Children’s Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Džiuljeta Maskuliūniene ◽  
◽  
Bronius Maskuliūnas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inclusive Society ◽  
The 19Th Century

Children’s literature is an important part of national culture. Its mission has always been to help mature a young person, to form valuable foundations of personality. The aim of the article is to reveal the work of early Lithuanian children’s literature, especially of the 19th century, playing an important role in the life of society, i. e. playing the role of a mechanism of cultural and social inclusion, changing society and human mentality. It is necessary to emphasise that the field of children’s literature discussed here also includes early Lithuanian writing, which cannot be directly considered children’s literature, but it undoubtedly integrated the care for children (in the form of catechisms, elementary publishing, etc.). What functions of cultural and social inclusion did the texts intended for children (or also for children) perform, and what impact did they have? Methods used: sociology of literature, cultural analysis, interpretation of the text. The phenomenon of inclusion is an important aspect of Lithuanian children’s literature and culture. This is also testified by the history of Lithuanian books for children and works of particular writers. It is significant that in the cultural situation of the 19th century, children’s literature contributed to overcoming children’s illiteracy and helped create and unite the readership community in the making. Children (and often youth) were getting used to the book, a completely new form of communication for them. Little by little, people became aware of the importance of reading, writing, and education in general. Some texts of educational type have been left by Lithuanian writers of the 18th–19th centuries, and their traditions were continued by the creators of the early 20th century, portraying the fate of the book smuggler, the wish of a country child to learn, the authority of a published book, and other similar aspects. The book and the ability to read decrease seclusion, include the child and the youth into community life, and open wider horizons for thinking. Different aspects of inclusion (and there are more of them than mentioned in this paper) can also be found in modern children’s literature. A book and literature dedicated to the child or young person help to survive social seclusion, isolation and show the ways and means of overcoming them. Finally, children’s literature adjusts to the social environment, participates in society modelling, change, and establishes itself as an integral part of an inclusive society. Today children’s literature is perceived as an integral part of an inclusive society.

Another Killer Industry: A Review of Fake Silk by Paul Blanc

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-411
Author(s):  
Daniel Berman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Worker Exposure ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
The 19Th Century

Rayon, a shiny artificial fabric with the flashy allure of silk, constitutes no danger to consumers. But worker exposure to carbon disulfide, an essential input in rayon manufacture, can drive workers insane and kill them as well. The dangers of carbon disulfide have been known since the middle of the 19th century. Professor Paul Blanc’s book traces the social amnesia about the dangers of making rayon and how its production has shifted from wealthy countries in Europe, the United States, and Japan to poorer countries like South Korea and the People’s Republic of China. The history of the rayon industry constitutes a metaphor for the lives of millions of people who toil unnoticed at dangerous jobs to support their families and help make life possible and even pleasurable for the luckier ooernes.

scholarly journals Review of the Collected Scientific Works of Mikhailovsky N. K.«Human. Thinker. Public Figure (on the 175th anniversary of his birth): Ed. G. N. Mokshin». (Voronezh: The Publishing House of VSU, 2017. 300 p.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
A V Myrikova ◽  
O E Puchnina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
State University ◽  
Public Figure ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The 19Th Century

Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovsky is a prominent figure in the history of Russian social and political thought, a classic of populism, a vivid publicist, public figure, authoritative thinker, teacher of Russian life and «ruler of the thoughts» of the post-reform Russia in the 19th century. Collection «N. K. Mikhailovsky: The man. Thinker. A public figure (on the occasion of his 175th birthday)», published in Voronezh on the basis of the Voronezh State University, was able to unite the researchers of populism thoughts from all over the country. The collection includes articles by authors from different cities of our country: Voronezh, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Barnaul, Tambov, Taganrog, Surgut, Krasnoyarsk, Orel, Balashov. The collection contains articles by leading specialists on this subject - V. V. Blokhin, V. V. Zvereva, G. N. Mokshina, A. A. Shirinyantsa, A. I. Yudin and others.The diversity of topics and approaches to the analysis of Mikhailovsky’s works, selected by the authors of the collection, provides a comprehensive view of the object of study and the breadth of ideological coverage.The publication of the collection of scientific articles «N. K. Mikhailovsky: The man. Thinker. Public figure» is a landmark event for contemporary humanitarian thought, the history of social and political thought and the history of the social movement in Russia. It represents a successful combination of high professional analysis, relevance and acuteness of topics and can be recommended to specialists in the field of the history of populism thought, and to all those interested in the history of Russia of modern times.

ON THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIANTS OF THE SERBO-CROATIAN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-116
Author(s):  
Maria A. Egorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Free Communication ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The issue of the status of languages that emerged on the basis of the Serbo-Croatian language after the collapse of Yugoslavia remains relevant until now. The standard Serbo-Croatian language arose in the 19th century as a common language of Serbs, Croats, Bosnians and Montenegrins and existed in two main variants, “western” and “eastern”, from the very outset. These variants were close enough to maintain free communication, and at the same time, each variant had symbolic significance as a marker of the corresponding ethnic group. This article provides an outline of the history of the Serbo-Croatian language from its origin to the collapse of Yugoslavia in the light of two social functions of the language, communicative (language as a means of exchanging information) and symbolic (language as a symbol of national identity).

NOTE ABOUT THE TERM EFFENDIYYA IN THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Eppel
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The term effendiyya (singular: effendi) appears in many articles and books on the social and political history of the Middle East between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Many authors have made use of this term, but very few have paused to discuss its meaning. At least one important scholar, however, raised doubts about its usefulness.

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