scholarly journals Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained in Boys’ High School Contact and Collision Sports, 2008-2009 Through 2012-2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596712090369
Author(s):  
Erin Hammer ◽  
M. Alison Brooks ◽  
Scott Hetzel ◽  
Alan Arakkal ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Background: Injury epidemiology for boys’ high school contact and collision sport has been described in several overlapping but fragmented studies. Comprehensive comparisons of injuries sustained in boys’ soccer, wrestling, football, ice hockey, and lacrosse are lacking. Purpose: To describe patterns of injury by severity, body site, and diagnosis among high school boys’ contact and collision sports in the United States. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury rates and rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for injuries sustained in boys’ high school soccer, wrestling, football, ice hockey, and lacrosse through use of the High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) surveillance data from 2008-2009 through 2012-2013. Injury patterns were described by site, diagnosis, time loss, and severity. Severe injury was defined as an injury that resulted in 21 days or more of time loss from sport participation. Risk of sustaining a concussion was compared between sports. Results: The risk of sustaining an injury was higher in competition compared with practice overall (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.90-4.12); the same pattern was true for severe injuries (RR, 4.61; 95% CI, 4.34-4.90). Football players experienced the highest injury rate (3.87 per 1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]) and the highest severe injury rate (0.80 per 1000 AEs). Overall, the most commonly injured body site was the head/face (22.5%), and the most prevalent injury diagnosis was ligament sprain not requiring surgery (23.5%). The most frequently injured body site from severe injury was the knee (24.6%), and fracture or avulsion was the most prevalent severe injury diagnosis (37.0%). Football players had a significantly higher risk of sustaining a concussion compared with other contact or collision sport athletes ( P < .05). Conclusion: Injuries rates were higher in competition than those in practice for boys’ high school contact and collision athletes. Football players sustained the highest injury rate, the highest severe injury rate, and the highest concussion rate among the sports included in this analysis. Understanding these patterns of injury can generate policy and rule changes to make sports safer and maintain high levels of participation.

Epidemiology of 10,000 High School Football Injuries: Patterns of Injury by Position Played

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus A. Badgeley ◽  
Natalie M. McIlvain ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Athletic Trainers ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Background:With more than 1.1 million high school athletes playing annually during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years, football is the most popular boys’ sport in the United States.Methods:Using an internet-based data collection tool, RIO, certified athletic trainers (ATs) from 100 nationally representative US high schools reported athletic exposure and football injury data during the 2005−06 to 2009−10 academic years.Results:Participating ATs reported 10,100 football injuries corresponding to an estimated 2,739,187 football-related injuries nationally. The injury rate was 4.08 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) overall. Offensive lineman collectively (center, offensive guard, offensive tackle) sustained 18.3% of all injuries. Running backs (16.3%) sustained more injuries than any other position followed by linebackers (14.9%) and wide receivers (11.9%). The leading mechanism of injury was player-player contact (64.0%) followed by player-surface contact (13.4%). More specifically, injury occurred most commonly when players were being tackled (24.4%) and tackling (21.8%).Conclusions:Patterns of football injuries vary by position. Identifying such differences is important to drive development of evidence-based, targeted injury prevention efforts.

scholarly journals Descriptive Epidemiology of Non–Time-Loss Injuries in Collegiate and High School Student-Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
Robert C. Lynall ◽  
Karen G. Roos ◽  
Sara L. Dalton ◽  
Aristarque Djoko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Student ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Convenience Sample

Context: Research on non–time-loss (NTL) injuries, which result in less than 24 hours of restriction from participation, is limited.Objective: To describe the epidemiology of NTL injuries among collegiate and high school student-athletes.Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.Setting: Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from a convenience sample of National College Athletic Association varsity teams and 147 high schools in 26 states.Patients or Other Participants: Collegiate and high school student-athletes participating in men's and boys' baseball, basketball, football, lacrosse, soccer, and wrestling and women's and girls' basketball, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, and volleyball during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 and the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years, respectively, participated. Collegiate student-athletes participating in men's and women's ice hockey were also included.Main Outcome Measure(s): Injury data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program and the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network were analyzed. Injury counts, rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), and rate ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: A total of 11 899 and 30 122 NTL injuries were reported in collegiate and high school student-athletes, respectively. The proportion of NTL injuries in high school student-athletes (80.3%) was 1.61 times greater than that of collegiate student-athletes (49.9%; 95% CI = 1.59, 1.63). The NTL injury rate in high school student-athletes (8.75/1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]) was 2.18 times greater than that of collegiate student-athletes (4.02/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 2.13, 2.22). Men's ice hockey (5.27/1000 AEs) and boys' football (11.94/1000 AEs) had the highest NTL injury rates among collegiate and high school athletes, respectively. Commonly injured body parts in collegiate and high school student-athletes were the hip/thigh/upper leg (17.5%) and hand/wrist (18.2%), respectively. At both levels, contusions, sprains, and strains were the most frequent diagnoses. Contact with another player was the most cited injury mechanism (college = 38.0%, high school = 46.3%).Conclusions: Non–time-loss injuries compose large proportions of collegiate and high school sports injuries. However, the NTL injury rate was higher in high school than in collegiate student-athletes. Tracking NTL injuries will help to better describe the breadth of injuries sustained by athletes and managed by athletic trainers.

scholarly journals The Incidence and Risk Factors for Injuries in Girls Volleyball: A Prospective Study of 2072 Players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. McGuine ◽  
Eric Post ◽  
Kevin Biese ◽  
Stephanie Kliethermes ◽  
David Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
A Prospective Study

Abstract Context: Girls high school volleyball is very popular across the United States. There is limited prospective data regarding the incidence and risk factors of time loss (TL) and non-time loss (NTL) injuries sustained in this population. Objectives: To estimate the incidence and describe the characteristics of injuries (TL and NTL) sustained in a girls' high school volleyball season. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Convenience sample of 78 high school interscholastic volleyball programs. Patients or Other Participants: High school volleyball players participating during the 2018 interscholastic season. Main Outcome Measures: TL and NTL injury rates, proportions, rate ratios, and with 95%CI. Results: A total of 2,072 girls enrolled in the study with 468 subjects (22.5%) sustaining 549 injuries (NTL=28.4%, TL=71.6%) for an overall injury rate of 5.31 [4.89, 5.79] per 1000 AEs. The competition injury rate was greater than the practice injury rate for all injuries (IRR: 1.19, [1.00, 1.41]) and TL injuries (IRR: 1.31, [1.07, 1.60]). Players with a previous musculoskeletal injury had a higher rate of TL than NTL injuries (IRR; 1.36 [1.12, 1.65]). Ankle injuries accounted for the greatest proportion of TL injuries (n=110, 28%), while the greatest proportion of NTL injuries occurred in the hand/fingers (n=34, 22%). Moreover, ligament sprains accounted for 40% of TL injuries (n=156), whereas muscle/tendon strains (n=79, 51%) accounted for over half of all NTL injuries. Conclusions: While the majority of injuries sustained by adolescent girls' volleyball athletes were TL in nature, nearly a third of all injuries were NTL injuries. Injury characteristics differed widely between TL and NTL injuries. Understanding the most common types and characteristics of injury among high school volleyball players is critical for the development of effective injury prevention programs.

Athletic Scholarships in Intercollegiate Football

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Pitts ◽  
Jon Paul Rezek
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletics ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Football Players ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Football Coaches ◽  
Athletic Scholarships

Despite the financial and cultural importance of intercollegiate athletics in the United States, there is a paucity of research into how athletic scholarships are awarded. In this article, the authors empirically examine the factors that universities use in their decision to offer athletic scholarships to high school football players. Using a Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) model, the authors find a player’s weight, height, body mass index (BMI), race, speed, on-the-field performance, and his high school team’s success often have large and significant impacts on the number of scholarship offers he receives. There is also evidence of a negative relationship between academic performance and scholarship offers. In addition, the authors find evidence of a scholarship premium for players from Florida and Texas. The results also show that running backs, wide receivers, and defensive backs appear to generate the most attention from college football coaches, other things equal.

The Epidemiology of US High School Basketball Injuries, 2005–2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2328-2335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel A. Borowski ◽  
Ellen E. Yard ◽  
Sarah K. Fields ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Knee Ligament ◽  
Prevention Interventions ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background With more than a million high school athletes playing during the 2006–2007 academic year, basketball is one of the most popular sports in the United States. Hypothesis Basketball injury rates and patterns differ by gender and type of exposure. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Basketball-related injury data were collected during the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 academic years from 100 nationally representative US high schools via Reporting Information Online. Results High school basketball players sustained 1518 injuries during 780 651 athlete exposures for an injury rate of 1.94 per 1000 athlete exposures. The injury rate per 1000 athlete exposures was greater during competition (3.27) than during practice (1.40; rate ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 2.10–2.57) and was greater among girls (2.08) than among boys (1.83; rate ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.26). The ankle/foot (39.7%), knee (14.7%), head/face/neck (13.6%), arm/hand (9.6%), and hip/thigh/upper leg (8.4%) were most commonly injured. The most frequent injury diagnoses were ligament sprains (44.0%), muscle/tendon strains (17.7%), contusions (8.6%), fractures (8.5%), and concussions (7.0%). Female basketball players sustained a greater proportion of concussions (injury proportion ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.49–3.91) and knee injuries (injury proportion ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–2.30), whereas boys more frequently sustained fractures (injury proportion ratio, 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–2.77) and contusions (injury proportion ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–2.31). The most common girls’ injury requiring surgery was knee ligament sprains (47.9%). Conclusion High school basketball injury patterns vary by gender and type of exposure. This study suggests several areas of emphasis for targeted injury prevention interventions.

Baseball Injuries: A Little League Survey

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-448
Author(s):  
Joel S. Pasternack ◽  
Kenneth R. Veenema ◽  
Charles M. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Injury Rate ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Facial Injuries ◽  
Little League ◽  
Acute Injuries ◽  
Safety Interventions ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Objectives. To determine the patterns of injury in youth baseball and apply the data to estimate the value of proposed safety equipment. Design. Prospective population-based injury survey. Participants. 2861 Little League baseball players (ages 7 to 18) for 140 932 player-hours. Measurements. An injury was included in the data only if it was serious enough to require medical/dental care, caused missing a game, or disallowed playing a certain position. The injuries were subdivided into acute or overuse. The acute injuries were classified as either catastrophic, severe, or minor. Injuries were categorized according to mechanism, area injured, and whether the player was on offense or defense. Results. There were 81 total injuries, of which 66 (81%) were acute and 15 (19%) were overuse. Of the acute injuries, 11 were severe and 55 were minor. The overall injury rate was .057 injuries per 100 player-hours. The severe injury rate was .008 injuries per 100 player-hours, of which 46% were ball-related injuries and 27% were collisions. The most frequent mechanism of injury was being hit by the ball, which represented 62% of the acute injuries. Of the 41 ball-related injuries, 28 (68%) occurred to players on defense. Of the 18 ball-related facial injuries, 16 occurred to players on defense. Conclusions. 1) Little League baseball is a safe activity with a low injury rate and a particularly low rate of severe injury; 2) impact by the ball causes more than half the acute injuries, thus safety interventions should be directed towards decreasing these injuries, especially on defense; 3) facemasks on batters can safely eliminate facial injuries to offensive players, but would only moderately reduce the incidence of ball-related facial injuries as most of these injuries are sustained by defensive players.

scholarly journals The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Boys' Lacrosse (2008–2009 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Lacrosse (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Pierpoint ◽  
Andrew E. Lincoln ◽  
Nina Walker ◽  
Shane V. Caswell ◽  
Dustin W. Currie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Injury Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Web Based

ContextThe advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of boys' and men's lacrosse injury data.ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' lacrosse in the 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate men's lacrosse in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance.DesignDescriptive epidemiology study.SettingOnline injury surveillance from lacrosse teams of high school boys (annual average = 55) and collegiate men (annual average = 14).Patients or Other ParticipantsBoys' and men's lacrosse players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college.Main Outcome Measure(s)Athletic trainers collected time-loss (≥24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated.ResultsHigh School Reporting Information Online documented 1407 time-loss injuries during 662 960 AEs. The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 1882 time-loss injuries during 390 029 AEs. The total injury rate from 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 was higher in college than in high school (3.77 versus 2.12/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.63, 1.94). Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (61.4%) and practices in college (61.4%). Injury rates were higher in competitions compared with practices in high school (IRR = 3.59; 95% CI = 3.23, 4.00) and college (IRR = 3.38; 95% CI = 3.08, 3.71). Lower limb injuries, muscle strains, and ligament sprains were common at both levels. Concussion was the most frequent competition diagnosis for all high school player positions.ConclusionsRates of time-loss injury were higher in college versus high school and in competitions versus practices. Attention to preventing common lower leg injuries and concussions, especially at the high school level, is essential to decrease their incidence and severity.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Cervical Muscle Strains in Collegiate and High School Football Athletes, 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014 Academic Years

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 780-786
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Lee ◽  
Melissa C. Kay ◽  
Kristen L. Kucera ◽  
William E. Prentice ◽  
Zachary Y. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Cervical Muscle

Context Cervical muscle strains are an often-overlooked injury, with neck- and spine-related research typically focusing on spinal cord and vertebral injuries. Objective To examine the rates and distributions of cervical muscle strains in collegiate and high school football athletes. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Collegiate and high school football teams. Patients or Other Participants The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) collected data from collegiate football athletes. The High School National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (HS NATION) and High School Reporting Information Online (HS RIO) collected data from high school football athletes. Data from the 2011–2012 through 2013–2014 academic years were used. Main Outcome Measure(s) Athletic trainers collected injury and exposure data for football players. Injury counts, injury rates per 10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs), and injury rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results The NCAA-ISP reported 49 cervical muscle strains (rate = 0.96/10 000 AEs), of which 28 (57.1%) were TL (time loss; rate = 0.55/10 000 AEs). High School NATION reported 184 cervical muscle strains (rate = 1.66/10 000 AEs), of which 33 (17.9%) were TL injuries (rate = 0.30/10 000 AEs). The HS RIO, which collects only TL injuries, reported 120 TL cervical muscle strains (rate = 0.51/10 000 AEs). The overall injury rate was lower in the NCAA-ISP than in HS NATION (injury rate ratio = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.79); when restricted to TL injuries, the overall injury rate was higher in the NCAA-ISP (injury rate ratio = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.11, 3.03). No differences were found when comparing TL injuries in HS RIO and the NCAA-ISP. Cervical muscle-strain rates were higher during competitions than during practices across all 3 surveillance systems for all injuries. Most cervical muscle strains were due to player contact (NCAA-ISP = 85.7%, HS NATION = 78.8%, HS RIO = 85.8%). Conclusions The incidence of cervical muscle strains in football players was low compared with other injuries. Nonetheless, identifying and implementing interventions, particularly those aimed at reducing unsafe player contact, are essential to further decrease the risk of injury and associated adverse outcomes.

scholarly journals The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in US High School Girls' Softball (2005–2006 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Softball (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin B. Wasserman ◽  
Johna K. Register-Mihalik ◽  
Eric L. Sauers ◽  
Dustin W. Currie ◽  
Lauren A. Pierpoint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Injury Surveillance ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Web Based ◽  
High School Girls ◽  
School Girls

Context The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's softball injury data. Objective To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls' softball in the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate women's softball in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Online injury surveillance from softball teams in high school girls (annual average = 100) and collegiate women (annual average = 41). Patients or Other Participants Girls' or women's softball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school and the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college. Main Outcome Measure(s) Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared injury rates by competition level, school size or division, event type, and time in season. Results The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 1357 time-loss injuries during 1 173 722 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 1848 time-loss injuries during 579 553 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (3.19 versus 1.16/1000 AEs; IRR = 2.76; 95% CI = 2.57, 2.96). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate in high school (IRR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.82, 2.25) and in college (IRR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.27, 1.52). Softball players at both levels sustained a variety of injuries, with the most common being ankle sprains and concussions. Many injuries also occurred while fielding or running bases. Conclusions Injury rates were greater in collegiate versus high school softball and in competitions versus practices. These findings highlight the need for injury-prevention interventions, including strength-training and prevention programs to reduce ankle sprains and provide protection for batters from pitches and fielders from batted balls.

scholarly journals Youth Football Injuries: A Prospective Cohort

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596711668678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Peterson ◽  
Adam J. Kruse ◽  
Scott M. Meester ◽  
Tyler S. Olson ◽  
Benjamin N. Riedle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Tackle Football

Background: There are approximately 2.8 million youth football players between the ages of 7 and 14 years in the United States. Rates of injury in this population are poorly described. Recent studies have reported injury rates between 2.3% and 30.4% per season and between 8.5 and 43 per 1000 exposures. Hypothesis: Youth flag football has a lower injury rate than youth tackle football. The concussion rates in flag football are lower than in tackle football. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Three large youth (grades 2-7) football leagues with a total of 3794 players were enrolled. Research personnel partnered with the leagues to provide electronic attendance and injury reporting systems. Researchers had access to deidentified player data and injury information. Injury rates for both the tackle and flag leagues were calculated and compared using Poisson regression with a log link. The probability an injury was severe and an injury resulted in a concussion were modeled using logistic regression. For these 2 responses, best subset model selection was performed, and the model with the minimum Akaike information criterion value was chosen as best. Kaplan-Meier curves were examined to compare time loss due to injury for various subgroups of the population. Finally, time loss was modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: A total of 46,416 exposures and 128 injuries were reported. The mean age at injury was 10.64 years. The hazard ratio for tackle football (compared with flag football) was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.25-0.80; P = .0065). The rate of severe injuries per exposure for tackle football was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.33-3.4; P = .93) times that of the flag league. The rate for concussions in tackle football per exposure was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.16-1.7; P = .27) times that of the flag league. Conclusion: Injury is more likely to occur in youth flag football than in youth tackle football. Severe injuries and concussions were not significantly different between leagues. Concussion was more likely to occur during games than during practice. Players in the sixth or seventh grade were more likely to suffer a concussion than were younger players.

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