scholarly journals ORTHOPEDIC INJURIES IN ADOLESCENT GYMNASTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0011
Author(s):  
Katie Kim ◽  
Michael Saper
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Orthopedic Injuries ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Background: Gymnastics exposes the body to many different types of stressors ranging from repetitive motion, high impact loading, extreme weight bearing, and hyperextension. These stressors predispose the spine and upper and lower extremities to injury. In fact, among female sports, gymnastics has the highest rate of injury each year. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on location and types of orthopedic injuries in adolescent (≤20 years) gymnasts. Methods: The Pubmed, Medline, EMBASE, EBSCO (CINAHL) and Web of Science databases were systematically searched according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify all studies reporting orthopedic injuries in adolescent and young adult gymnasts. All aspects of injuries were extracted and analyzed including location, type and rates of orthopedic injuries. Results: Screening yielded 22 eligible studies with a total of 427,225 patients. Twenty of 22 studies reported upper extremity injuries of which four specifically focused on wrist injuries. Eight studies reported lower extremity injuries. Nine studies reported back/spinal injuries. Seven studies investigated each body location of injury; one study reported the upper extremity as the most common location for injury and six studies reported the lower extremity as the most common location for injury. Of those seven studies, five (23%) reported sprains and strains as the most common injury. One study reported fractures as the most common injury. Conclusion: There is considerable variation in reported injury location. Some studies focused specifically on the spine/back or wrist. The type of gymnastics each patient participated in was also different, contributing to which area of the body was more heavily stressed, or lacking. Current literature lacks data to fully provide evidence regarding which body region is more frequently injured and the type of injury sustained.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF PRE-SEASON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE TESTS IN IDENTIFYING IN-SEASON LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES IN ADOLESCENT GYMNASTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0014
Author(s):  
Danielle A Farzanegan ◽  
Emily Francione ◽  
Nicole Melfi
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Kinetic Chain ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Acute Injuries ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Background: Artistic competitive gymnastics results in a wide, unique spectrum of injuries. Due to the high number of injuries and the current lack of research related to pre-competitive testing in adolescent gymnasts, it is crucial to find a method to predict the likelihood of an athlete sustaining an in-season injury. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to 1) describe the frequency and type of pre-season and in-season injuries, 2) determine if there were differences in physical performance tests between those who had a lower extremity (LE) injury in-season and those who did not, and 3) determine if there were differences in age, level, sex, BMI, sport modifications, previous injury, and current injury between those who had a LE injury and those who didn’t. Methods: Thirty-seven adolescent gymnasts (average age: 12.81 years) were included with levels ranging from 5 (novice) to 10 (elite). Participants (15 males and 22 females) were surveyed for previous and current injury. The athletes completed a performance battery before the competition season including: Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (LQYBT), Closed Kinetic Chain dorsiflexion (CKCDF), single hop (SH), triple hop (TH), and the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Follow-up data was collected at the end of the competitive season for comparison. The data was analyzed using descriptive methods and comparative analyses including chi-square and independent t-tests with an alpha level set at .05. Results: Sixty-five percent reported an injury in the last year and seventy-eight percent reported pre-season injuries at testing day. The most common location for pre-season injury was the ankle/foot (24% and 31% respectively). There were no differences between injured and non-injured athletes when comparing asymmetries in CKCDF, LQYBT posteromedial or posterolateral reach, hop testing, or FMS. The LQYBT-anterior scores were significantly different at p=.049 between the injured versus uninjured groups, with 91% of the in-season injury group having a difference <4cm. Similarly, the LQYBT-composite score using a cut-off of 95% was significant at p=.043 with those >95% category being more likely to get injured. There were no significant differences in demographic information comparing injury occurrence. Conclusion: The tested physical performance battery may be useful in tracking gymnasts over time, but may not be beneficial in forecasting injuries in a sport with high percentages of acute injuries. The collected injury volume may not be reflective of a standard season as COVID-19 decreased the number of competitions. Additional research to identify athletes at risk for injury requires further investigation.

The Development of an Injury Corridor to Assess Lower Extremity Injuries Resulting From Anti-Vehicular (AV) Landmine/Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Blasts in Military Vehicles

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. McKay ◽  
Gregory J. Wolfe ◽  
Cynthia Bir
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Military Vehicles ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Improvised Explosive ◽  
Explosive Devices

Detonations of anti-vehicular (AV) landmines and improvised explosive devices (IED) have accounted for more than half of the U.S. Military hostile casualties and wounded in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) [1]. Military tactical and combat vehicles are being up-armored to defeat this ubiquitous threat and mitigate injuries to vehicle occupants. In order to define the optimal level of protection required to neutralize a given blast magnitude, a fundamental understanding of human injury tolerances must be established for loading conditions representative of AV blast impacts. Unlike automotive impact testing, AV landmine/IED explosions produce high amplitude and short duration vertical impact accelerations. The lower extremity is the predominantly injured body region following AV blasts. Detonations occurring under the vehicle produce localized floorboard deformation and transmit high axial loads onto the ankle/foot/tibia complex of the occupant causing injuries to the lower leg. [2,3]

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Injuries in Young Floorball Players: A Prospective Study on Overuse Injuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Beischer ◽  
Sofia Ryman Augustsson
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Overuse Injury ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Trauma Research ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: Overuse injuries in sports seem to be 1.5 to 2.5 times more common than traumatic injuries in the lower extremity (LE) in children and adolescents. Floorball is the most popular indoor sport in Sweden and is associated with many potential risks of injuries. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the appearance of injury in young floorball players. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of overuse injuries in LE in floorball players aged 15 or younger, with respect to frequency, location, and consequence of injury. Method: Fifty-seven players, from 9 different teams, participated (mean age 11±2 years). A modified version of Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire was submitted every fourth week during five months in order to record overuse injuries in LE. An online survey software was used to send out the questionnaires. Results: A of 42 overuse injuries in 42% (24/57) of the cohort were found. The average monthly prevalence for all players, in any anatomical area, was 28% (95% confidence total interval 18%-38%). The most common location of injuries was the knee (43%), followed by the foot (40%). Conclusion: The present study shows, in accordance with other recent studies on children and adolescents that overuse injuries seem to be a common problem for young floorball players. Knee and foot appear to be the most common location for overuse injuries in this population. Prospective analyses of different mechanisms for overuse injury in youth athletes and the relation to growth-related overuse disorders is desirable.

Prediction Rules for Selective Radiographic Assessment of Extremity Injuries in Children and Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. McConnochie ◽  
Klaus J. Roghmann ◽  
Joel Pasternack ◽  
David J. Monroe ◽  
Liberatore P. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Prediction Rules ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Point Tenderness

To assess the potential for selective use of roentgenography in evaluating extremity injuries, prediction rules were developed based on prospective observations for 617 injured children and adolescents examined in our Emergency Department (phase 1) and tested on 601 examined 1 year later (phase 2). Logit analysis produced best-fitting statistical models for phase 1 data with significant (P &lt; 0.05) direct effects of gross signs, point tenderness, activity not routine, swelling moderate or severe, time from injury &lt;6 hours, and pain with motion for upper extremity injuries; and, for lower extremity injuries, not knee injury, activity not routine, point tenderness, and foot injury. Prediction rules developed in phase 1 performed equally well when tested on phase 2 injuries. Data from both phases were combined, therefore, in analysis that produced risk estimates. For all injury types (ie, for injuries with all possible combinations of presence or absence of these findings), risk for fracture was derived. For upper extremity injuries, with a threshold risk for fracture of 20% used to select specific injury types for roentgenography, prediction rule outcomes were 18.1% of roentgenograms avoided and 5.3% of fractures missed. For lower extremity injuries, using a threshold risk of 10% to select injury types for roentgenography, outcomes were 25.8% of roentgenograms avoided and 5.3% of fractures missed. Alternative prediction rules allowed still greater roentgenogram avoidance, although missed fractures also increased. Risk of adverse functional outcome from missed fractures appeared small. Annual national cost savings from the elimination of 18.1% of upper and 25.8% of lower extremity roentgenographic evaluations was estimated at $103 million.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF SPORTS PERFORMANCE RELATED INJURIES OF ELITE TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES IN LITHUANIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (103) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Linas Rekus ◽  
Lina Simaškaitė ◽  
Egidijus Šakalys
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
One Year ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Background. Sports injuries have a huge impact on performance of athletes in competitions. A lot of athletes do not obtain full recovery after injuries, which leads to trauma recurrence or higher severity injuries. Being aware of dominating anatomical regions and frequencies of occurrence of these traumas could help to prevent it and to protect athletes’ health. Methods. In 2013 Lithuanian professional athletes were asked to fill in questionnaires developed by using standardized methodology validated by the IOC and implemented by the IAAF during international track and field competitions. Data were collected, processed and analysed. Results were obtained using statistical methods, significance level of p ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. Results. We investigated 33 athletes- sprinters and throwers (javelin and discus throwers, shot putters). They had 57 cases of traumatic injuries in one year period (2012–2013). Results of the study showed that injuries of lower extremity statistically significantly dominated comparing with upper extremity and head/trunk in both fields of sport. Injuries by anatomical region were: lower extremity – 67%, upper extremity – 12%, head and trunk – 21%. Most of all were injured: hamstrings 23%, inguinal 10.5%, lumbar 13% area. Comparing traumas between throwers and sprinters groups lower extremity injuries statistically significantly dominated in sprinters group, while upper extremity had been injured only in the throwers’ group. Analysing severity of the injuries we noticed that moderate and mild injuries were dominating. Mild and moderate severity injuries appeared leading to a higher risk of re-injury than high severity traumas. Recurrence of the same injury was noticed only in the group of sprinters – 57.9% of sprinters repeatedly suffered mostly from hamstring and inguinal traumas. Conclusions. According to the results of this study, sports medicine physicians could predict potential localization and recurrence of injuries and collaborating with coaches and athletes prepare opportune training programs to avoid harm.

An Inexpensive Weight Bearing Indicator Used for Rehabilitation of Patients With Lower Extremity Injuries

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Walczyk ◽  
John P. Bartlet
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Medical Device ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Buckling Load ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
New Device ◽  
Load Monitoring ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Background. Partial or nonweight bearing is a useful treatment prescribed by medical professionals (e.g., orthopedists, podiatrists) for patients rehabilitating from lower extremity injuries However, there is significant variability in patient conformance with the commonly used, but very imprecise “weight scale method.” Furthermore, the few commercially available load monitoring devices are rarely used because of their high cost. Method of Approach. As a simple and inexpensive alternative to current load monitoring methods and commercial products, a new medical device called a snap dome weight bearing indicator (WBI) has been developed to gently warn a patient when they have exceeded a limited percentage of their body weight on the recovering leg or foot. When installed in a patient’s shoe or medical appliance, the device does so by utilizing the reversible buckling phenomena of a snap dome to provide a tactile and audible feedback when the prescribed weight has been exceeded. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new device, the performance of (1) the snap dome by itself and (2) several WBI designs developed were tested. The most useful of the new designs include one incorporating a heel cup for loose fitting medical appliances and a podiatric off-loading indicator (POLI). In addition, a pilot study and manufacturing cost analysis of the POLI device were performed to investigate patient usability and affordability issues. Results. The particular four-leg snap domes used in device prototypes performed quite well with regards to buckling load consistency between domes, the linearity of buckling load by stacking domes in a parallel arrangement, and buckling load repeatability of a single dome. The performance of each WBI prototype was tested with regards to load transfer, tactile, and audible feedback to the patient, patient comfort, and ease of installation. Prototype performance was generally very good or excellent except for the POLI device, which does not provide sufficient tactile or audible feedback for many patients. A costing analysis of the POLI device suggests that it can be manufactured in the U.S. for around one dollar. Conclusions. The generally positive results from performance testing of commercially available snap domes and WBI prototypes suggest that this new medical device will indeed be an inexpensive, yet effective conformance tool for orthopedists and podiatrists to use in prescribing partial or no weight bearing for a patient.

Finite Element Analysis of the Patellofemoral Joint Behavior Under Frontal Impact

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvir Mustafy ◽  
Marwan El-Rich ◽  
Kamrul Islam ◽  
Samer Adeeb
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Automobile Accidents ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Femur Fractures ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Lower extremity injuries are a frequent outcome of automobile accidents (Fildes et al., 1997). These injuries can be a cause of permanent disability and impairment (States, 1986). Luchter and Walz (1995) found that the lower extremity was the most frequently injured body region, comprising 27.8% of the injuries in the 1993 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) database. Patella and femur fractures are the most frequent knee injuries.

Analysis of Injury Mechanisms Within Lead-Vehicle Stopped Impacts: Implications for Autonomous Vehicle Behavior Design

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Eichaker ◽  
Rakshit Ramachandra ◽  
John Bolte
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Lead Vehicle

Abstract Lead vehicle stopped crashes are a top contributor to traffic and health care expenditures out of NHTSA’s 37 pre-crash scenarios. It is important to better understand how these crashes occur, so that evolving autonomous vehicle technologies may be tailored towards injury mitigation in crash-imminent scenarios. Additionally, as autonomous vehicle technologies increase in prevalence and usage, out of position seating and distracted driving behavior may also increase. In order to analyze injury patterns in real-world lead vehicle stopped crashes, the public portal of Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN) was surveyed for lead vehicle stopped impacts. The review found that, of all the body regions, the thorax and lower extremity body regions frequently sustained AIS 3+ injuries (P &lt; 0.01). Additionally, the upper extremity frequently sustained AID 3+ injuries in some scenarios. Steering wheel contact (often times through a deployed air bag) was the source of 62% of the thorax injuries and the knee bolster was the source of 76% of the lower extremity injuries. Truck impacts, and complicated crashes accounted for over 50% of the cases in the cohort. Automated vehicle behaviors have the potential to augment passive and active safety systems to potentially decrease the occurrence of AIS 3+ injuries by improving a vehicle’s response to lead vehicle stopped, crash imminent scenarios.

An Inexpensive Weight Bearing Indicator With Load Range Capability for Rehabilitation of Patients With Lower Extremity Injuries

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Walczyk ◽  
William T. Ziomek
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Buckling Loads ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Buckling Behavior ◽  
Lower Load ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Partial Weight

This paper investigates the mechanical behavior and design of a patent pending device called a load range weight bearing indicator (LWBI), which provides upper and lower range indication to patients with lower extremity injuries as part of a partial weight bearing rehabilitation. The LWBI consists of two opposing stacks (a.k.a. double stack) of snap domes—bistable mechanical elements that snap through only when a threshold weight is applied—sandwiched between a load transfer plate and base plate. The mechanical behavior of a LWBI has been characterized by testing single and double stacks of snap domes in a rigid aluminum fixture using a universal testing machine. Single stacks of two to eight snap domes each exhibited very predictable and repeatable buckling behavior (i.e., stack buckling load is simply the sum of individual snap dome buckling loads) when deflected at speeds typical for patients walking with a regular gait. The double stack configuration only works when supporting legs of the opposing snap dome stacks are offset by half the angle between adjacent legs. The lower load stack buckles first, while the higher load stack buckles at its threshold load because of the very low force required to keep the lower load stack collapsed. While the presence of a spacer has little effect on the double stack buckling behavior under controlled rate deflection in a precision test fixture, it was required for proper functioning of a LWBI prototype probably because of looser dimensional tolerances. The type of substrate that snap dome stacks are in contact with has little effect on the buckling loads as long as the material is not too soft. Finally, the speed of deflection within the expected range of ambulating patients has an insignificant effect on the LWBI’s buckling behavior. A LWBI prototype was designed based on the observed characteristics of the snap dome double stack with a spacer plate between the upper and lower load stacks. The prototype was installed in a recess in the insole of a biomechanical shoe beneath the patient’s heel. The shoe with LWBI was tested by various subjects pushing on a force plate and the upper and lower buckling loads were clearly indicated to the subject by audible and tactile click and measured as ground reaction force versus time. Future work will focus on further testing of the device and refinement of the design for various medical appliances.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Sports Injures of Sprint and Throwing Cohorts in Track and Field Athletics

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (88) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linas Rekus ◽  
Evelina Rekuvienė ◽  
Aušra Burkauskienė ◽  
Daiva Emilija Rekienė ◽  
Žibuoklė Senikienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Extremity Trauma ◽  
Upper Extremity Trauma ◽  
Extremity Injuries

Research background and hypothesis. The severity of recurrence of injuries in track and field athletics gives possibility to adjust training programs for athletes.  Research aim was to analyse which body parts are mostly injured and the severity of recurrence of injuries in track and field athletics gives possibility to adjust training programs for athletes.Research methods. Thirty six athletes were given questionnaires developed using standardized methodology validated by the IOC and implemented by the IAAF during international track and field competitions.Research results. There were 64 cases of injuries among 33 athletes: head and trunk cases – 12 (18.8%), upper extremity – 14 (21.9%), lower extremity – 38 (59.4%). In all cases lower extremity injuries dominated. In sprinters lower extremity injuries dominated and there was no upper extremity trauma. In throwers the upper and the lower extremity were equally vulnerable, mild and very mild injuries were observed. There was no difference between both groups in recurrence of the same trauma.Discussion and conclusions.  Estimating which body parts are mostly injured in sports gives the possibility to  adjust  training  programs  for  athletes,  increasing  the  amount  of  athletic  exercises  intended  for  the  functional preparation of those parts.  Injuries in track and field are frequent and dominating injuries are of lower extremity; there exist the possibility of recurrence of the injury in the same body part. Injuries prevalent in sprinter cohort are of lower extremities, and injuries prevalent in throwing cohort are of lower and upper extremities.Keywords: physiotherapy, Parkinson’s disease, reaction time.

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