scholarly journals The built environment, spatial scale, and social networks: Do land uses matter for personal network structure?

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Boessen ◽  
John R Hipp ◽  
Carter T Butts ◽  
Nicholas N Nagle ◽  
Emily J Smith
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
City Region ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Different Types

In this study, we examine how different features of the built environment—density, diversity of land uses, and design—have consequences for personal networks. We also consider whether different features of the built environment have consequences for the spatial location of persons to whom one is tied by considering their distribution in local area, broader city region, and a more macro spatial scale. We test these ideas with a large sample of the Western United States for three different types of ties. Our findings suggest that the built environment is crucial for personal network structure, both in the number of social ties and where they are located.

scholarly journals Simulating the effects of redesigned street-scale built environments on access/egress pedestrian flows to metro stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Liu ◽  
Dujuan Yang ◽  
Harry J. P. Timmermans ◽  
Bauke de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Route Choice ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Destination Choice ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Renewal Processes ◽  
City Center ◽  
Metro Station ◽  
Route Choice Behavior ◽  
The City

AbstractIn urban renewal processes, metro line systems are widely used to accommodate the massive traffic needs and stimulate the redevelopment of the local area. The route choice of pedestrians, emanating from or going to the metro stations, is influenced by the street-scale built environment. Many renewal processes involve the improvement of the street-level built environment and thus influence pedestrian flows. To assess the effects of urban design on pedestrian flows, this article presents the results of a simulation model of pedestrian route choice behavior around Yingkoudao metro station in the city center of Tianjin, China. Simulated pedestrian flows based on 4 scenarios of changes in street-scale built environment characteristics are compared. Results indicate that the main streets are disproportionally more affected than smaller streets. The promotion of an intensified land use mix does not lead to a high increase in the number of pedestrians who choose the involved route when traveling from/to the metro station, assuming fixed destination choice.

scholarly journals Circular Economy Strategies in Eight Historic Port Cities: Criteria and Indicators Towards a Circular City Assessment Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Gravagnuolo ◽  
Mariarosaria Angrisano ◽  
Luigi Fusco Girard
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
City Region ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Criteria And Indicators ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Circular Design

The circular city is emerging as new concept and form of practice in sustainable urban development. This is a response to the complex and pressing challenges of urbanization, as highlighted in the New Urban Agenda (NUA). The concept of a “circular city” or “circular city-region” derives from the circular economy model applied in the spatial territorial dimension. It can be associated with the concept of a “self-sustainable” regenerative city, as stated in paragraph n.71 of the NUA. This paper aims to develop an extensive form of “screening” of circular economy actions in emerging circular cities, focusing on eight European historic port cities self-defined as “circular”. The analysis is carried out as a review of circular economy actions in the selected cities, and specifically aims to identify the key areas of implementation in which the investments in the circular economy are more oriented, as well as to analyze the spatial implications of the reuse of buildings and sites, proposing a set of criteria and indicators for ex-ante and ex-post evaluations and monitoring of circular cities. Results show that the built environment (including cultural heritage), energy and mobility, waste management, water management, industrial production (including plastics, textiles, and industry 4.0 and circular design), agri-food, and citizens and communities can be adopted as strategic areas of implementation of the circular city model in historic cities, highlighting a lack of indicators in some sectors and identifying a possible framework for “closed” urban metabolism evaluation from a life-cycle perspective, focusing on evaluation criteria and indicators in the (historic) built environment.

A Proposal for a Schema for ARP Spoofing Protection

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 3275-3279
Author(s):  
Jin Cherng Lin ◽  
Men Jue Koo ◽  
Cheng Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Process Mechanism ◽  
Query Process ◽  
Arp Spoofing

IP scheme over Ethernet is one of the world's most widely used network structure. However, ARP Spoofing attacks still remain as one of serious security threats on the local area network. Despite the seriousness, there is no protective mechanism that can effectively protect against ARP Spoofing attacks available yet. This paper proposes an ARP query process mechanism that corresponds with the current IP/MAC mapping correlations based upon the existing ARP protocol and the "Direct Communication" characteristic of the LAN. It can effectively protect against ARP Spoofing attacks without change of network structures or an increase of investments in personnel and equipments.

The Design and Research of Virtualization Platform

2013 ◽  
Vol 397-400 ◽  
pp. 2090-2093
Author(s):  
An Hong Tian ◽  
Cheng Biao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Virtual Simulation ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Detail Design ◽  
Packet Tracer

Due to the problem of network structure, security, redundant path in traditional network, this can be solved by Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) technology. As the network laboratory in colleges and universities is not perfect because of high cost, a virtual simulation tools named Packet Tracer has been introduced to computer network experimental curriculum, this paper put forwards the detail design scheme by the example of VLAN with three switches, and provides the experiment and theoretical analysis and simulation verification .The practice has proved this method not only deepens students comprehension of network, but also cultivates the students' actual comprehensive ability.

scholarly journals Geoinformation analysis of spatial location of flood susceptible settlements in Yakutia

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Viktorovna Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Lena River ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Analytical Processing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Kolyma River

The subject of this research is the structure and content of the developed by the author Geographic Information System (GIS) “Flood susceptible settlements in the territory of Sakha Republic (Yakutia)”. The object of this research is 128 floodable settlements included in the list of the established flood zones in the Sakha (Yakutia), their analytical processing and cartographic interpretation. The sources for the creation of GIS contain published sources, statistical data, passports of socioeconomic development of the municipalities, archival documents, and information provided by the departmental organizations. The author conducted different types of geoinformation analysis (analysis of the geography of settlements by river basins, dynamics of the number of floods in the settlements (for the period 1929 – 2017), density of floodable settlements) in ArcGIS. It is determined that most of the settlements susceptible to flood are located in the middle reach  the Lena River and along its major tributaries – Aldan, Amga, Olekma; in the northeast of Yakutia, floodable settlements are mainly located in the upper reaches of the rivers Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, as well as in the lower and middle reaches of the Kolyma River and its tributaries. The author notes that in some settlements, the number of floods over the period from 1930 to 2017 amounted to 30-40. It is also indicated that highest density of the settlements susceptible to flood is observed in Central Yakutia in the places of the highest concentration of population in the republic. The developed GIS can be used for adopting recommendations to protection the settlements from flooding.

Balance of the built environment in structural terms

BUILDER ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
Wojciech Januszewski
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Binary Oppositions ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Internal Relationships

he s ubject o f t his w ork i s a n i ndepth analysis of the structure of the built environment as a system of organised relations. Three elementary aspects expressed in binary oppositions were distinguished: interior – exterior (formal aspect), individual – collective (social aspect), variable – permanent (dynamic aspect). These aspects reflect the diverse psychophysical needs and existential states of a human being. The reorganisation of a habitat is a change in the internal relationships of these categories in a specific region and spatial scale. A healthy environment can be defined as one that balances polar categories at each level of the analysis. Reforms and re-evaluations in the built environment can be interpreted as attempts to restore balance, as illustrated with examples from the history of architecture and urban planning. The results of the work contribute to the general theory of the built environment, essential for the proper design process in a wide spectrum of spatial scale.

scholarly journals Urban vibrancy and safety in Philadelphia

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1573-1587
Author(s):  
Colman Humphrey ◽  
Shane T Jensen ◽  
Dylan S Small ◽  
Rachel Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Analysis Pipeline ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Local Neighborhood ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
High Crime

Statistical analyses of urban environments have been recently improved through publicly available high resolution data and mapping technologies that have been adopted across industries. These technologies allow us to create metrics to empirically investigate urban design principles of the past half-century. Philadelphia is an interesting case study for this work, with its rapid urban development and population increase in the last decade. We outline a data analysis pipeline for exploring the association between safety and local neighborhood features such as population, economic health, and the built environment. As a particular example of our analysis pipeline, we focus on quantitative measures of the built environment that serve as proxies for vibrancy: the amount of human activity in a local area. Historically, vibrancy has been very challenging to measure empirically. Measures based on land use zoning are not an adequate description of local vibrancy and so we construct a database and set of measures of business activity in each neighborhood. We employ several matching analyses to explore the relationship between neighborhood vibrancy and safety, such as comparing high crime versus low crime locations within the same neighborhood. We find that neighborhoods with more vacancy are associated with higher crime but within neighborhoods, crimes tend not to be located near vacant properties. We also find that longer term residential ownership in a local area is associated with lower levels of crime. In addition, we find that more crimes tend to occur near business locations but businesses that are active (open) for longer periods are associated with fewer crimes. As additional sources of urban data become available, our analysis pipeline can serve as the template for further investigations into the relationships between safety, economic factors, and the built environment at the local neighborhood level.

scholarly journals Head-to-Head Comparison of Social Network Assessments in Stroke Survivors

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Morgan Prust ◽  
Abby Halm ◽  
Simona Nedelcu ◽  
Amber Nieves ◽  
Amar Dhand
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Mapping Tool ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
Network Mapping

Background and Purpose: Social networks influence human health and disease through direct biological and indirect psychosocial mechanisms. They have particular importance in neurologic disease because of support, information, and healthy behavior adoption that circulate in networks. Investigations into social networks as determinants of disease risk and health outcomes have historically relied on summary indices of social support, such as the Lubben Social Network Scale–Revised (LSNS-R) or the Stroke Social Network Scale (SSNS). We compared these 2 survey tools to personal network (PERSNET) mapping tool, a novel social network survey that facilitates detailed mapping of social network structure, extraction of quantitative network structural parameters, and characterization of the demographic and health parameters of each network member. Methods: In a cohort of inpatient and outpatient stroke survivors, we administered LSNS-R, SSNS, and PERSNET in a randomized order to each patient. We used logistic regression to generate correlation matrices between LSNS-R scores, SSNS scores, and PERSNET’s network structure (eg, size and density) and composition metrics (eg, percent kin in network). We also examined the relationship between LSNS-R-derived risk of social isolation with PERSNET-derived network size. Results: We analyzed survey responses for 67 participants and found a significant correlation between LSNS-R, SSNS, and PERSNET-derived indices of network structure. We found no correlation between LSNS-R, SSNS, and PERSNET-derived metrics of network composition. Personal network mapping tool structural and compositional variables were also internally correlated. Social isolation defined by LSNS-R corresponded to a network size of <5. Conclusions: Personal network mapping tool is a valid index of social network structure, with a significant correlation to validated indices of perceived social support. Personal network mapping tool also captures a novel range of health behavioral data that have not been well characterized by previous network surveys. Therefore, PERSNET offers a comprehensive social network assessment with visualization capabilities that quantifies the social environment in a valid and unique manner.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document