Forms of K as a function of clay mineralogy and soil development

Clay Minerals ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nabiollahy ◽  
F. Khormali ◽  
K. Bazargan ◽  
SH. Ayoubi
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

AbstractThe relationships between different pools of K, i.e. exchangeable, HN03-extractable, mineral and total, were investigated as a function of clay mineralogy and soil development in soils of Kharkeh Research Station, Kurdestan Province, western Iran. Samples from different horizons often pedons were selected and analysed for clay mineralogy and K fractionation. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that clay minerals in the soils studied were similar in type, while their abundances were different. The smectite content was significantly greater in Vertisols than in the other soils. The results of K fractionation showed that mineral K and HN03-extractable K (exchangeable and nonexchangeable, respectively) and the clay content of the soils containing lesser illite (10–30%) were significantly different from those with more illite (30–50%). Moreover, the regression slopes between water-soluble and NE4OAc-extractable K were lower in soils with more smectite due mainly to the presence of larger specific surface areas for K sorption in smectitic soils. Based on soil evolution and different forms of K, the soils studied were grouped in two major categories: (1) Vertisols and (2) Entisols, Inceptisols and Mollisols. There were greater contents of all forms of K in Vertisols than in the other soil orders. This was mainly related to the greater clay content and the dominance of smectite in the clay fraction of Vertisols.

The forms of potassium and potassium adsorption in some virgin soils from south-western Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Pal ◽  
R. J. Gilkes ◽  
M. T. F. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
The North ◽  
Southern District

This investigation was undertaken to determine the potassium (K) status and adsorption behaviour of 227 samples from horizons of 41 representative virgin soil profiles, extending from Geraldton in the north to the Great Southern district of Western Australia. X-ray diffraction analysis of random powder of whole soil indicated that quartz is the dominant mineral and some soils contain significant amounts of feldspars. Clay mineralogy is dominated by kaolinite but minor quantities of illite are present in some soils. Most south-west Australian agricultural soils contain little available K: NaHCO3-extractable K (NaHCO3-K, median value 0·09 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 35 mg K/kg soil), HNO3-extractable K (HNO3-K, median value 0·30 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 117 mg K/kg soil), and total K (XRF determined K, median value, 17 cmol K/kg, equivalent to 6630 mg K/kg soil). The proportion of water-soluble K (H2O-K) ranges from 0 to 3·5% of total K, 0 to 76% of HNO3-K, and 0 to nearly 100% of exchangeable K. Exchangeable K ranges from 0 to 100% (median value 37%) of HNO3-K. These are relatively high proportions of H2O-K and exchangeable K compared with soils from many other parts of the world. The amounts of all forms of K variously increase or decrease downwards in the soil profile depending on both clay content and mineralogy. The commonly assumed increase in K with clay content alone is invalid. The soils mostly have low-to-moderate values of K sorption capacity, ranging from 5% to 67% (median value 14%) of added K (initially 4·1 mM K/L, equivalent to 4·1 cmol K/kg). otassium sorption isotherms conform well to the Freundlich equation. The inability of the Langmuir equation to describe the data may indicate that there are several types of K sorption sites in these soils. The Gapon coefficient KG varied widely from 0·04 to 29·8 (L/mol) ½ [median value 5·4 (L/mol) ½ ].

ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE SOLS DES LAURENTIDES, QUEBEC

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MUTWEWINGABO ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
G. A. BOURBEAU ◽  
R. W. BARIL ◽  
P. LAJOIE
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Bulk Density ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
High Bulk

Five profiles were sampled in the till deposits of the Laurentides Hills. Two were obtained at Duchesnay, near Quebec City and three north of Montreal, including two profiles of the Gatineau and one of the Sainte-Agathe series of soils. Results of the particle-size distribution, morphological and mineralogical analyses suggested that the parent material was similar in all profiles. A high bulk density, about 2.00 g/cm3, was observed in the fragic horizon. Maximum weathering was found in the A horizons resulting in the formation of montmorillonite and kaolinite. The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the samples from Duchesnay were better defined than those obtained from the other profiles. In addition to illite, chlorite and vermiculite, two types of interstratified minerals were observed: illite–montmorillonite in the Podzolic-B and illite–vermiculite in the fragic horizons. High values, up to about 700 meq/100 g were obtained for the Al interlayers in the clay fraction. These profiles were classified as fragic ferro-humic Podzols (Sainte-Agathe and the profiles from Duchesnay) and fragic humo-ferric Podzols (Gatineau). The concept of fragic horizon in the soils from the Laurentides is discussed.

RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND CLAY CONTENT TO SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL OF SOILS HAVING DIFFERENT CLAY MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Swell Potential ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

Data for 22 samples from 17 pedons were analyzed for relationships of specific surface area and amounts and kinds of clay to coefficient of linear extensibility, as determined by the paste method (COLErod), and to free swelling index (FSI). The soils were divided into three main groups according to their clay mineralogy. The clay of the first group was micaceous, that of the second group kaolinitic, and that of the third group montmorillonitic. Both clay contents and specific surface areas of the combined first and second groups of soils were closely related to COLErod (r2 = 0.81 and r2 = 0.91) with specific surface area giving the higher correlation. The correlation of clay content with COLErod decreased markedly, however, when the montmorillonitic soils were included (r2 = 0.56). In contrast, the correlation of specific surface area with COLErod remained high (r2 = 0.97), indicating that for the soils used in this study, specific surface area was more basic with respect to shrink–swell potential than was clay content. Specific surface area was also highly correlated with FSI (r2 = 0.96) which was expected from the close relationship between COLErod and FSI (r2 = 0.95).

Clay mineralogy effects on sodium fluoride pH of non-allophanic tropical soils

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Alves ◽  
A. Lavorenti
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Soil Weathering

Soil pH measured in 1 m NaF (pHNaF) can be a useful tool for soil classification and to provide better advice on the chemical management of agricultural soils in the tropics. In this study, we verified the effects of clay mineralogy on pHNaF values of non-allophanic soils of São Paulo State, Brazil. Fourteen subsurface soil samples were characterised for chemical properties, clay content, clay mineralogy, and for pHNaF values, which were measured in the whole soil and in both natural and deferrified (dithionite-treated) clay fractions. Regression and correlation analyses showed that both ammonium-oxalate-extractable Al (Alo) and gibbsite contents have positive relationships with both clay and soil pHNaF values. On the other hand, kaolinite is inversely related to the pHNaF measured in the clay and has nonsignificant effect on soil pHNaF. X-ray diffraction patterns of dithionite-treated clays did not show disruption of kaolinite or gibbsite after the treatment with 1 m NaF, suggesting that the displacement of surface OH groups by F– seems to be the main mechanism associated with the pH increase verified in the NaF solution after its contact with the deferrified clay fraction. The smaller influence of hematite on pHNaF seems to be due to its correlation to Alo. Goethite and ammonium-oxalate-extractable Fe (Feo) exert no effect on pHNaF. Finally, the relationships observed in the present study strongly suggest that pHNaF values <10.3 measured in non-allophanic kaolinitic soils with low levels of non-humified organic matter are essentially due to their smaller Alo and gibbsite contents, which agrees with the direct correlation verified between pHNaF and soil weathering degree.

scholarly journals Provenance and Sedimentary Context of Clay Mineralogy in an Evolving Forearc Basin, Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene Mudstones, San Joaquin Valley, California

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Andrew Hurst ◽  
Michael Wilson ◽  
Antonio Grippa ◽  
Lyudmyla Wilson ◽  
Giuseppe Palladino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Bulk Rock ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Tropical Weathering

Mudstone samples from the Moreno (Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene) and Kreyenhagen (Eocene) formations are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine their mineralogy. Smectite (Reichweite R0) is the predominant phyllosilicate present, 48% to 71.7% bulk rock mineralogy (excluding carbonate cemented and highly bio siliceous samples) and 70% to 98% of the <2 μm clay fraction. Opal CT and less so cristobalite concentrations cause the main deviations from smectite dominance. Opal A is common only in the Upper Kreyenhagen. In the <2 μm fraction, the Moreno Fm is significantly more smectite-rich than the Kreyenhagen Fm. Smectite in the Moreno Fm was derived from the alteration of volcaniclastic debris from contemporaneous rhyolitic-dacitic magmatic arc volcanism. No tuff is preserved. Smectite in the Kreyenhagen Fm was derived from intense sub-tropical weathering of granitoid-dioritic terrane during the hypothermal period in the early to mid-Eocene; the derivation from local volcanism is unlikely. All samples had chemical indices of alteration (CIA) indicative of intense weathering of source terrane. Ferriferous enrichment and the occurrence of locally common kaolinite are contributory evidence for the intensity of weathering. Low concentration (max. 7.5%) of clinoptilolite in the Lower Kreyenhagen is possibly indicative of more open marine conditions than in the Upper Kreyenhagen. There is no evidence of volumetrically significant silicate diagenesis. The main diagenetic mineralisation is restricted to low-temperature silica phase transitions.

Clay mineralogy of parent materials derived from uppermost Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks in southern Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Dubbin ◽  
A. R. Mermut ◽  
H. P. W. Rostad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Total Iron Content ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
General Chemical ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Soils developed from parent materials derived from uppermost Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks have been delineated from those which do not contain any of these younger sediments. The present study was initiated to determine the validity of this delineation. Parent materials from six locations in southwestern Saskatchewan were collected to determine their general chemical and physical properties. Clay fractions from each of these six parent materials were then subjected to detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses. The two parent materials containing the greatest amount of post-Bearpaw bedrock sediments (Jones Creek, Scotsguard) were characterized by substantially more organic carbon and less CaCO3. The presence of coal and the absence of carbonates in local bedrocks were considered to be the source of these deviations. In general, fine clays were comprised of 64–69% smectite, 14–21% illite and 10–13% kaolinite and coarse clay contained 32–39% smectite, 25–34% illite and 11–14% kaolinite. An exception was found in two fine clays which had less smectite but 3–6% vermiculite. Total iron content of the fine clays ranged from 7.16 to 8.11% expressed as Fe2O3. However, only a small fraction of this iron was extractable using the CDB technique. There were no substantial differences in surface areas or CECs of the clay fractions. Despite minor differences in the chemistry and mineralogy of these six parent materials, a separation of the soil associations does not appear to be warranted. Key words: Parent materials, uppermost Cretaceous, Tertiary, bedrock, clay mineralogy

Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Okusami ◽  
R. H. Rust ◽  
A. O. Alao
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Biotite Gneiss ◽  
Variable Charge

Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al

scholarly journals Remaining phosphorus and sodium fluoride pH in soils with different clay contents and clay mineralogies

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Eduardo Alves ◽  
Arquimedes Lavorenti
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Soil Clay Content ◽  
Discriminatory Capacity

The remaining phosphorus (Prem) has been used for estimating the phosphorus buffer capacity (PBC) of soils of some Brazilian regions. Furthermore, the remaining phosphorus can also be used for estimating P, S and Zn soil critical levels determined with PBC-sensible extractants and for defining P and S levels to be used not only in P and S adsorption studies but also for the establishment of P and S response curves. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil clay content and clay mineralogy on Prem and its relationship with pH values measured in saturated NaF solution (pH NaF). Ammonium-oxalate-extractable aluminum exerts the major impacts on both Prem and pH NaF, which, in turn, are less dependent on soil clay content. Although Prem and pH NaF have consistent correlation, the former has a soil-PBC discriminatory capacity much greater than pH NaF.

A new Species of Cicadulina, China (Homoptera, Jassidae) injurious to Maize in Tanganyika Territory

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. China
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
A New Species

The genus Cicadulina was established in 1926 (Bull. Ent. Res. 17, p. 43) to hold a new species, C. zeae, China, injurious to maize in Kenya Colony. Later (Bull. Ent. Res., 19, 1928, p. 66) it was shown that Balclutha mbila, Naude, recorded as transmitting the virus of streak disease of maize in Natal, also belonged to this genus, and two new species C. arachidis and C. similis were described from the Gambia, where they were reported as injurious to ground-nut and suspected of transmitting the virus of the rosette disease of that plant. Since that time Dr. H. H. Storey of the Amani Research Station has been investigating the possibility of transmission of the streak virus of maize by C. zeae. In attempting to breed strains capable of transmission of the disease certain crosses were made which showed conclusively that he was dealing with two distinct species. These species he was able to separate on the colour pattern of the abdomen. Dr. Storey has now sent to me material of both these species and a study of the genitalia corroborates his finding. One, of course, proved to be C. zeae, the other is new and I therefore propose to dedicate it to the discoverer.

scholarly journals Geophysical mapping of soil texture variability in the root zone to improve modelling of the water and nutrient flow.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Schwartz Madsen ◽  
Bo Vangsø Iversen ◽  
Christen Duus Børgesen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Auxiliary Variable ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Sampling Density ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

&lt;p&gt;Modelling is often used to acquire information on water and nutrient fluxes within and out of the root zone. The models require detailed information on the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties derived from soil texture and other soil characteristics using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Soil texture can vary considerably within a field and is cumbersome and expensive to map in details using traditionally measurements in the laboratory. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil have shown to correlate with its textural composition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study investigates the ability of electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods to predict clay content in three soil layers of the root zone. As the clay fraction often is a main predictor in PTFs predicting soil hydraulic properties this parameter is of high interest. EMI and soil textural surveys on four Danish agricultural fields with varying textural composition were used. Sampling density varied between 0.5 and 38 points per hectare. The EMI data was gathered with a Dualem21 instrument with a sampling density 200-3000 points per hectare. The EC values were used together with the measured values of the clay content creating a statistical relationship between the two variables. Co-kriging of the clay content from the textural sampling points with the EC as auxiliary variable produces clay content maps of the fields. Unused (80%) texture points were used for validation. EMI-predicted clay content maps and clay content maps based on the survey were compared. The two sets of soil texture maps are used as predictors for PTF models to predict soil hydraulic properties as input in field-scale root zone modelling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The comparisons between EC and clay content show some degree of correlation with an R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in the range of 0.55 to 0.80 for the four fields. The field with the highest average clay content showed the best relationship between the two parameters. Co-kriging with EC decreased mean error by 0.016 to 0.52 and RMSE by 0.04 to 1.80 between observed and predicted clay maps.&lt;/p&gt;

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