Germ line tumor-associated immunoglobulin VH region peptides provoke a tumor-specific immune response without altering the response potential of normal B cells

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 752-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Lou ◽  
Raymond J. Kelleher ◽  
Alessandro Sette ◽  
Jenni Loyall ◽  
Scott Southwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
B Cell Response

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that murine T cells are tolerant to epitopes derived from germ line variable regions of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (VH) or light chains. This has lead to the prediction that germ line VH-region epitopes found in neoplastic B cells cannot be used to provoke an antitumor immune response. To test these assumptions and address the question of how such a vaccine may alter the normal B-cell response, an antibody-forming B-cell hybridoma (1H6) expressing a conserved germ line VH gene with specificity for dextran was generated and used as a tumor model. Using algorithms for predicting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding, potential MHC class I and II binding peptides were identified within the 1H6 VH region, synthesized, and tested for MHC binding and immunogenicity. We show that germ line VH peptides, when presented by dendritic cells, are immunogenic in vitro and provoke a tumor-specific protective immune response in vivo. We conclude that (1) it is possible to induce a T-cell response to germ line VH peptides; (2) such peptides can be used to generate a B-cell tumor-specific vaccine; and (3) a vaccine targeting VH peptides expressed by the dominant dextran-specific B-cell clonotype had no effect upon the magnitude of the normal B-cell response to dextran.

Cultured Human B Cell APCs Expanded Using Il-4 and CD40 Ligand Preferentially Promote a Type 2 T Cell Response to Alloimmune Stimulation.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2668-2668
Author(s):  
Abdul Tawab ◽  
Yoshiyuki Takahashi ◽  
Childs Richard ◽  
Kurlander J. Roger
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Cd40 Ligand ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract In vitro stimulation of human peripheral blood B cells with recombinant IL-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) markedly increases their expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules, thus enhancing antigenic peptide presentation to T cells. Because these cells proliferate extensively in vitro (unlike monocytes or dendritic cells), they represent a promising and convenient reagent for the generation and maintenance of antigen-specific T cells for use in a variety of experimental or therapeutic settings. However, the impact of this type of B cell APC on cytokine production by responder T cells has hitherto not been examined. To address this issue, we stimulated normal human T cells with either allogeneic B cells (generated in vitro) or with MNCs obtained from the same donor. After 7 days, T cells were washed and re-challenged with the same APCs. The resulting alloreactive cytokine response was measured using quantitative ELISPOT methods and expressed as the frequencies of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-5 producing cells per thousand responder cells added. B cell- and MNC-primed cell lines both produced vigorous lymphokine responses, but B cell-stimulated T cells consistently produced more IL-5 spots (mean of 265 vs. 98/1000 responders, p<0.002) and fewer IFN-γ spots (163 vs 386/1000 cells, p<0.005) than MNC-stimulated cells. Further, the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-5 spots was almost ten-fold lower in B cell-stimulated cultures compared to MNC-induced cultures (0.67 vs. 5.2, p<0.001). ELISPOT studies assessing the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4 spots and ELISA assays comparing IFN-γ and IL-5 levels from culture supernatants demonstrated the same pattern of marked type 2 skewing by B cells. This pattern was unaffected by the presence of anti-IL-4 antibody suggesting type 2 skewing was not mediated by IL-4. Cytokine skewing produced by B cells or MNC could be partially reversed by swapping MNC and B cells during re-stimulation on day 7, but this plasticity was markedly reduced after 3 (weekly) cycles of B cell or MNC re-stimulation in vitro. Type 2 skewing by B cells was enhanced when monocytes were removed from responder T cell populations by either depleting CD14+ positive cells or by positive selection of T cells prior to stimulation. In contrast, type 2 polarization could be prevented using recombinant IL-12. Not all cells of B-cell origin share the same propensity to type 2 skewing observed with IL-4/CD40L-stimulated B cells; under identical conditions, EBV-transformed B cells stimulated alloimmune T cells to produce a strong type 1 cytokine response comparable to that produced by MNCs. In summary, IL-4/CD40L-stimulated B cells strongly promote a type 2 T cell response during primary alloimmune challenge; this skewing can become fixed after repeated B cell stimulation. Investigators using these cells as APC should be aware of this potential phenomenon, particularly during primary T cell responses. It is also important to consider the factors described above that may exacerbate or ameliorate this effect.

scholarly journals Biomarkers and Immune Repertoire Metrics Identified by Peripheral Blood Transcriptomic Sequencing Reveal the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yankang Wu ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
Youpeng Zhang ◽  
Dan San ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Immune Repertoire ◽  
B Cell Response

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global crisis; however, our current understanding of the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains limited. Herein, we performed RNA sequencing using peripheral blood from acute and convalescent patients and interrogated the dynamic changes of adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection over time. Our results revealed numerous alterations in these cohorts in terms of gene expression profiles and the features of immune repertoire. Moreover, a machine learning method was developed and resulted in the identification of five independent biomarkers and a collection of biomarkers that could accurately differentiate and predict the development of COVID-19. Interestingly, the increased expression of one of these biomarkers, UCHL1, a molecule related to nervous system damage, was associated with the clustering of severe symptoms. Importantly, analyses on immune repertoire metrics revealed the distinct kinetics of T-cell and B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with B-cell response plateaued in the acute phase and declined thereafter, whereas T-cell response can be maintained for up to 6 months post-infection onset and T-cell clonality was positively correlated with the serum level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Together, the significantly altered genes or biomarkers, as well as the abnormally high levels of B-cell response in acute infection, may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 through mediating inflammation and immune responses, whereas prolonged T-cell response in the convalescents might help these patients in preventing reinfection. Thus, our findings could provide insight into the underlying molecular mechanism of host immune response to COVID-19 and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies and effective vaccines.

scholarly journals Rapid isolation and immune profiling of SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cell in convalescent COVID-19 patients via LIBRA-seq

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing He ◽  
Shuning Liu ◽  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Mengxin Xu ◽  
Wei Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antigen Specificity ◽  
Memory B Cell ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
B Cell Response

AbstractB cell response plays a critical role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, little is known about the diversity and frequency of the paired SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific BCR repertoire after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing and VDJ sequencing using the memory and plasma B cells isolated from five convalescent COVID-19 patients, and analyzed the spectrum and transcriptional heterogeneity of antibody immune responses. Via linking BCR to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq), we identified a distinct activated memory B cell subgroup (CD11chighCD95high) had a higher proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-labeled cells compared with memory B cells. Our results revealed the diversity of paired BCR repertoire and the non-stochastic pairing of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific immunoglobulin heavy and light chains after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The public antibody clonotypes were shared by distinct convalescent individuals. Moreover, several antibodies isolated by LIBRA-seq showed high binding affinity against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) or nucleoprotein (NP) via ELISA assay. Two RBD-reactive antibodies C14646P3S and C2767P3S isolated by LIBRA-seq exhibited high neutralizing activities against both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses in vitro. Our study provides fundamental insights into B cell response following SARS-CoV-2 infection at the single-cell level.

scholarly journals Follicular Helper T (TFH) Cell Targeting by TLR8 Signaling For Improving HBsAg-Specific B Cell Response In Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natarajan Ayithan ◽  
Lydia Tang ◽  
Susanna K. Tan ◽  
Diana Chen ◽  
Jeffrey J. Wallin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Functional Cure ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Follicular Helper ◽  
B Cell Response

Identifying signaling pathways that induce B cell response can aid functional cure strategies for chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB). TLR8 activation with ssRNA was shown to enhance follicular helper T cell (TFH) function leading to improved B cell responses in vitro. We investigated whether this mechanism can rescue an exhausted immune response in CHB infection. Effect of TLR8 agonism on supporting cytokines and TFH and B cells were evaluated using ex vivo and in vitro assays. The ability of an oral TLR8 agonist to promote TFH and B cell response was tested in samples from phase 1b clinical trial. TLR8 agonism induced TFH polarizing cytokine IL-12 in monocytes. Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CHB patients with TLR8 agonists induced cytokine IL-21 by TFH cells with enhanced IL-21+BCL-6+ and ICOS+BCL-6+ co-expression. Mechanistically, incubation of isolated naïve CD4+ T cells with TLR8 triggered monocytes resulted in their differentiation into IL-21+ICOS+BCL-6+ TFH in an IL-12 dependent manner. Furthermore, co-culture of these IL-21 producing TFH with autologous naïve B cells led to enhanced memory (CD19+CD27+) and plasma B cell generation (CD19+CD27++CD38+) and IgG production. Importantly, in TFH from CHB patients treated with an oral TLR8 agonist, HBsAg-specific BCL-6, ICOS, IL-21 and CD40L expression and rescue of defective activation induced marker (AIM) response along with partial restoration of HBsAg-specific B cell ELISPOT response was evident. TLR8 agonism can thus enhance HBV-specific B cell responses in CHB patients by improving monocyte-mediated TFH function and may play a role in achieving HBV functional cure.

scholarly journals The immune response against myelin basic protein in two strains of rat with different genetic capacity to develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

1975 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E McFarlin ◽  
S C Hsu ◽  
S B Slemenda ◽  
F C Chou ◽  
R F Kibler
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Basic Protein ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Allergic Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Experimental Allergic

After challenge with guiena pig basic protein (GPBP) Lewis (Le) rats, which are homozygous for the immune response experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (Ir-EAE) gene, developed positive delayed skin tests against GPBP and the 43 residue encephalitogenic fragment (EF); in addition, Le rat lymph node cells (LNC) were stimulated and produced migration inhibitory factor (MIF) when incubated in vitro with these antigens. In contrast Brown Norway (BN) rats, which lack the Ir-EAE gene, did not develop delayed skin tests to EF and their LNC were not stimulated and did not produce MIF when incubated in vitro with EF. These observations indicate that the Ir-EAE gene controls a T-cell response against the EF. Le rats produced measurable anti-BP antibody by radioimmunoassay after primary challenge. Although no antibody was detectable in BN rats by radioimmunoassay, radioimmunoelectrophoresis indicated that a small amount of antibody was formed after primary immunization. After boosting intraperitoneally, both strains of rat exhibited a rise in anti-BP antibody; which was greater in Le rats. In both strains of rat the anti-BP antibody reacted with a portion of the molecule other than the EF. Since EF primarily evokes a T cell response, it is suggested that the EF portion of the BP molecule may contain a helper determinant in antibody production.

scholarly journals Attenuation of Apoptosis Underlies B Lymphocyte Stimulator Enhancement of Humoral Immune Response

2000 ◽  
Vol 192 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K.G. Do ◽  
Eunice Hatada ◽  
Hayyoung Lee ◽  
Michelle R. Tourigny ◽  
David Hilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
B Cell Survival ◽  
B Lymphocyte Stimulator

B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a newly identified monocyte-specific TNF family cytokine. It has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity, and functions as a potent costimulator with antiimmunoglobulin M in B cell proliferation in vitro. Here we demonstrate that BLyS prominently enhances the humoral responses to both T cell–independent and T cell–dependent antigens, primarily by attenuation of apoptosis as evidenced by the prolonged survival of antigen-activated B cells in vivo and in vitro. BLyS acts on primary splenic B cells autonomously, and directly cooperates with CD40 ligand (CD40L) in B cell activation in vitro by protecting replicating B cells from apoptosis. Moreover, although BLyS alone cannot activate the cell cycle, it is sufficient to prolong the survival of naive resting B cells in vitro. Attenuation of apoptosis by BLyS correlates with changes in the ratios between Bcl-2 family proteins in favor of cell survival, predominantly by reducing the proapoptotic Bak and increasing its prosurvival partners, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. In either resting or CD40L-activated B cells, the NF-κB transcription factors RelB and p50 are specifically activated, suggesting that they may mediate BLyS signals for B cell survival. Together, these results provide direct evidence for BLyS enhancement of both T cell–independent and T cell–dependent humoral immune responses, and imply a role for BLyS in the conservation of the B cell repertoire. The ability of BLyS to increase B cell survival indiscriminately, at either a resting or activated state, and to cooperate with CD40L, further suggests that attenuation of apoptosis underlies BLyS enhancement of polyclonal autoimmunity as well as the physiologic humoral immune response.

scholarly journals Hemolysis Inhibits Humoral B Cell Responses and Modulates Alloimmunization Risk in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouli Pal ◽  
Weili Bao ◽  
Rikang Wang ◽  
Yunfeng Liu ◽  
Xiuli An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
B Cell Response

Red blood cell alloimmunization remains a barrier for safe and effective transfusions in sickle cell disease (SCD), but the associated risk factors remain largely unknown. Intravascular hemolysis, a hallmark of SCD, results in the release of heme with potent immunomodulatory activity, although its effect on SCD humoral response, specifically alloimmunization, remains unclear. Here, we found that cell-free heme suppresses human B cell plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation by inhibiting the DOCK8/STAT3 signaling pathway, which is critical for B cell activation, as well as by upregulating heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) through its enzymatic byproducts, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. Whereas non-alloimmunized SCD B cells were inhibited by exogenous heme, B cells from the alloimmunized group were non-responsive to heme inhibition and readily differentiated into plasma cells. Consistent with a differential B cell response to hemolysis, we found elevated B cell basal levels of DOCK8 and higher HO-1-mediated inhibition of activated B cells in non-alloimmunized compared to alloimmunized SCD patients. To overcome the alloimmunized B cell heme insensitivity, we screened several heme-binding molecules and identified quinine as a potent inhibitor of B cell activity, reversing the resistance to heme suppression in alloimmunized patients. B cell inhibition by quinine only occurred in the presence of heme and through HO-1 induction. Altogether, these data suggest that hemolysis can dampen the humoral B cell response and that B cell heme responsiveness maybe a determinant of alloimmunization risk in SCD. Quinine by restoring B cell heme sensitivity may have therapeutic potential to prevent and inhibit alloimmunization in SCD patients.

Defective B-cell-negative selection and terminal differentiation in the ICF syndrome

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 2683-2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla E. Blanco-Betancourt ◽  
Anne Moncla ◽  
Michèle Milili ◽  
Yun Liang Jiang ◽  
Evani M. Viegas-Péquignot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Icf Syndrome ◽  
Immature B Cells

Abstract Immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, and facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease. Mutations in the DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) gene are responsible for most ICF cases reported. We investigated the B-cell defects associated with agammaglobulinemia in this syndrome by analyzing primary B cells from 4 ICF patients. ICF peripheral blood (PB) contains only naive B cells; memory and gut plasma cells are absent. Naive ICF B cells bear potentially autoreactive long heavy chain variable regions complementarity determining region 3's (VHCDR3's) enriched with positively charged residues, in contrast to normal PB transitional and mature B cells, indicating that negative selection is impaired in patients. Like anergic B cells in transgenic models, newly generated and immature B cells accumulate in PB. Moreover, these cells secrete immunoglobulins and exhibit increased apoptosis following in vitro activation. However, they are able to up-regulate CD86, indicating that mechanisms other than anergy participate in silencing of ICF B cells. One patient without DNMT3B mutations shows differences in immunoglobulin E (IgE) switch induction, suggesting that immunodeficiency could vary with the genetic origin of the syndrome. In this study, we determined that negative selection breakdown and peripheral B-cell maturation blockage contribute to agammaglobulinemia in the ICF syndrome. (Blood. 2004;103:2683-2690)

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