Skeletal muscle adiposity is associated with physical activity, exercise capacity and fibre shift in COPD

Quadriceps muscle phenotype varies widely between patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cannot be determined without muscle biopsy. We hypothesised that measures of skeletal muscle adiposity could provide noninvasive biomarkers of muscle quality in this population.In 101 patients and 10 age-matched healthy controls, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, percentage intramuscular fat and skeletal muscle attenuation were calculated using computed tomography images and standard tissue attenuation ranges: fat -190– -30 HU; skeletal muscle -29–150 HU.Mean±sdpercentage intramuscular fat was higher in the patient group (6.7±3.5%versus4.3±1.2%, p = 0.03). Both percentage intramuscular fat and skeletal muscle attenuation were associated with physical activity level, exercise capacity and type I fibre proportion, independent of age, mid-thigh cross-sectional area and quadriceps strength. Combined with transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide, these variables could identify >80% of patients with fibre type shift with >65% specificity (area under the curve 0.83, 95% CI 0.72–0.95).Skeletal muscle adiposity assessed by computed tomography reflects multiple aspects of COPD related muscle dysfunction and may help to identify patients for trials of interventions targeted at specific muscle phenotypes.

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AGE, OBESITY, SARCOPENIA, AND PROXIMITY TO DEATH EXPLAIN REDUCED MEAN MUSCLE ATTENUATION IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCER

Journal of Frailty & Aging ◽

10.14283/jfa.2014.1 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

N. ESFANDIARI ◽

S. GHOSH ◽

C.M.M. PRADO ◽

L. MARTIN ◽

V. MAZURAK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Time To Death ◽

Computed Tomography Images ◽

Muscle Attenuation

Background:Cancer cachexia is characterized by skeletal muscle loss. A feature of muscle wasting,reduction in the mean muscle attenuation from computed tomography images is believed to reflect pathologicalinfiltration of fat into muscle. It is a reported prognostic indicator in cancer patients. Objectives:To develop anexplanatory multivariate model of muscle attenuation of cancer patients incorporating age, sex, diseasecharacteristics, body composition. Time to death ≤92 days was included in the model as the demarcation of end-stage disease. Design:Multivariate general linear model regression analysis of total mean muscle attenuation andchange in muscle attenuation. Setting:Regional cancer center (Alberta, Canada). Participants: Patients withgastrointestinal and respiratory tract cancers (mean age 64±11 years, 44% female). Measurements: Total adiposetissue and skeletal muscle cross sectional area, and mean muscle attenuation at the 3rd lumbar vertebra wereassessed from baseline computed tomography (n=1719), and a subset with repeated measures (n=246 patientswith a total of 871 images). Results:At baseline, muscle attenuation associated with total skeletal muscle (β 0.09;95% CI 0.07 to 0.11; p<0.001) and adipose tissue (β -0.032; 95% CI -0.035 to -0.029; p<0.001) cross sectionalareas, age (β -0.28; 95% CI -0.32 to -0.24; p<0.001), time to death ≤92 days (β -1.9; 95% CI -3.1 to -0.7;p=0.003) and male sex (β -2.3; 95% CI –3.5 to -1.1; p<0.001). Change in muscle attenuation over time associatedwith total adipose tissue cross sectional area (β -0.008; 95% CI -0.012 to -0.004; p<0.001) and time to death ≤92days (β -1.6; 95% CI -3.0 to -0.2; p=0.03). Conclusions:The radiation attenuation of skeletal muscle is lowest inindividuals who are older, less muscular, have a higher fat mass and are within 92 days of death. Men had lowermuscle attenuation than women when controlled for other variables.

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Skeletal Muscle and Genetics

Annual Review of Nursing Research ◽

10.1891/0739-6686.29.191 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 191-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christine E. Kasper

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Daily Living ◽

Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Muscular Dystrophies ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Genetic Mechanisms

The regulation of hypertrophy or atrophy of skeletal muscle is highly regulated by genetic signals closely tied to function. This chapter focuses on the genetic alteration of structural and cytoskeletal proteins that influence exercise capacity, self-care, and activities of daily living by modulation of the physiologic cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle. In addition to a discussion of genetic mechanisms of atrophy and sarcopenia, the muscular dystrophies along with the laminopathies, both diseases of cytoskeletal proteins will be reviewed.

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Studies on the muscless of meat animals:V. Inter- and intra-litter differences in the composition of Longissimus dorsi muscles from pigs

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600042489 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 381-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. A. Lawrie ◽

D. P. Gatherum

Keyword(s):

Iodine Number ◽

Fibre Diameter ◽

Intramuscular Fat ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Longissimus Dorsi ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Large White ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Litter Mate

1. The percentage of intramuscular fat (and its iodine number), of moisture (fat-free), and of total, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, stroma and non-protein nitrogens in lumbar 1. dorsi muscles, and their ultimate pH, fibre diameter, cross-sectional area and weight (both absolutely and as a percentage of the total musculature) were determined at bacon weight in two male and two female litter-mate pigs from each of four pure-bred sows mated with one boar of the same breed. Such data were obtained for pigs of Large White, Landrace and Welsh breeds.

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Sequential alterations in the diameters of capillaries in rabbit skeletal muscle following deep transverse friction - a morphometric study

South African Journal of Physiotherapy ◽

10.4102/sajp.v61i2.174 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

Author(s):

M. A. Gregory ◽

M. N. Deane ◽

M. Marsh

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Muscle Blood Flow ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Biceps Femoris Muscle ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Cross

Objective: The precise mechanisms by which massage promotes repair in injured soft tissue are unknown. Various authorshave attributed the beneficial effects of massage to vasodilation and increased skin and muscle blood flow. The aim of this study was to determine whether deep transverse friction massage (DTF) causes capillary vasodilation in untraumatised skeletal muscle. Setting: Academic institution.Interventions: Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were anaesthetised and the left biceps femoris muscle received 10 minutes of DTF. Following treatment, wedge biopsies were taken from the musclewithin 10 minutes of treatment (R1 - 4), 24 hours (R5 - 8) and 6 days(R9 - 12) after treatment. To serve as controls, similar biopsies weretaken from the right biceps femoris of animals. The samples were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in epoxy resin.Transverse sections (1µm) of muscle were cut, stained with 1% aqueous alkaline toluidine blue and examined with a light microscope using a 40X objective. Images containing capillaries were captured using an image analyser with SIS software and the cross sectional diameters of at least 60 capillaries were measured from each specimen. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in capillary diameter. Results: The mean capillary diameters in control muscle averaged 4.76 µm. DTF caused a significant immediate increase of 17.3% in cross sectional area (p<0.001), which was not significantly increased by 10.0% after 24 hours (p>0.05). Six days after treatment the cross-sectional area of the treated muscle was 7.6% smaller than the controls. Conclusions: This confirms the contention that DTF stimulates muscle blood flow immediately after treatment and this may account for its beneficial effects in certain conditions.

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Quantitative computed tomography measurement of cross-sectional area of small pulmonary vessels in asthmatic patients

Chinese Medical Journal ◽

10.1097/cm9.0000000000000367 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 132 (16) ◽

pp. 1903-1908

Author(s):

Juan Wang ◽

Mei-Jiao Li ◽

Chun Chang

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pulmonary Vessels ◽

Asthmatic Patients

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Exposure to cigarette smoke induces overexpression of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor in mouse skeletal muscle

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.00007.2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 303 (6) ◽

pp. L519-L527 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Vladimir T. Basic ◽

Elsa Tadele ◽

Ali Ateia Elmabsout ◽

Hongwei Yao ◽

Irfan Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Tumor Suppressor ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Muscle Fiber ◽

Exercise Tolerance ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Von Hippel Lindau

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a well-established risk factor in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In contrast, the extent to which CS exposure contributes to the development of the systemic manifestations of COPD, such as skeletal muscle dysfunction and wasting, remains largely unknown. Decreased skeletal muscle capillarization has been previously reported in early stages of COPD and might play an important role in the development of COPD-associated skeletal muscle abnormalities. To investigate the effects of chronic CS exposure on skeletal muscle capillarization and exercise tolerance, a mouse model of CS exposure was used. The 129/SvJ mice were exposed to CS for 6 mo, and the expression of putative elements of the hypoxia-angiogenic signaling cascade as well as muscle capillarization were studied. Additionally, functional tests assessing exercise tolerance/endurance were performed in mice. Compared with controls, skeletal muscles from CS-exposed mice exhibited significantly enhanced expression of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D1 (UBE2D1), and prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2). In contrast, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was reduced. Furthermore, reduced muscle fiber cross-sectional area, decreased skeletal muscle capillarization, and reduced exercise tolerance were also observed in CS-exposed animals. Taken together, the current results provide evidence linking chronic CS exposure and induction of VHL expression in skeletal muscles leading toward impaired hypoxia-angiogenesis signal transduction, reduced muscle fiber cross-sectional area, and decreased exercise tolerance.

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A clinical prediction rule to identify difficult intubation in children with Robin sequence requiring mandibular distraction osteogenesis based on craniofacial CT measures

BMC Anesthesiology ◽

10.1186/s12871-019-0889-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhe Mao ◽

Na Zhang ◽

Yingqiu Cui

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Difficult Intubation ◽

Prediction Rule ◽

Clinical Prediction Rule ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Clinical Prediction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis

Abstract Background Airway management is challenging in children with Robin sequence (RS) requiring mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO). We derived and validated a prediction rule to identify difficult intubation before MDO for children with RS based on craniofacial computed tomography (CT) images. Method This was a retrospective study of 69 children with RS requiring MDO from November 2016 to June 2018. Multiple CT imaging parameters and baseline characteristic (sex, age, gestational age, body mass index [BMI]) were compared between children with normal and difficult intubation according to Cormack−Lehane classification. A clinical prediction rule was established to identify difficult intubation using group differences in CT parameters (eleven distances, six angles, one section cross-sectional area, and three segment volumes) and clinicodemographic characteristics. Predictive accuracy was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results The overall incidence of difficult intubation was 56.52%, and there was no significant difference in sex ratio, age, weight, height, BMI, or gestational age between groups. The distance between the root of the tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall was significantly shorter, the bilateral mandibular angle shallower, and the cross-sectional area at the epiglottis tip smaller in the difficult intubation group. A clinical prediction rule based on airway cross-sectional area at the tip of the epiglottis was established. Area > 36.97 mm2 predicted difficult intubation while area < 36.97 mm2 predicted normal intubation with 100% sensitivity, 62.5% specificity, 78.6% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value (area under the ROC curve = 0.8125). Conclusion Computed tomography measures can objectively evaluate upper airway morphology in patients with RS for prediction of difficult intubation. If validated in a larger series, the measures identified could be incorporated into airway assessment tools to guide treatment decisions. This was a retrospective study and was granted permission to access and use these medical records by the ethics committee of Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center. Trials registration Registration No. ChiCTR1800018252, NaZhang, Sept 7 2018.

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A guide for using NIH Image J for single slice cross-sectional area and composition analysis of the thigh from computed tomography

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0211629 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. e0211629 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Douglas E. Long ◽

Alejandro G. Villasante Tezanos ◽

James N. Wise ◽

Philip A. Kern ◽

Marcas M. Bamman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nih Image ◽

Single Slice

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Combination of hormone replacement therapy and high physical activity is associated with differences in Achilles tendon size in monozygotic female twin pairs

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.91439.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 106 (4) ◽

pp. 1332-1337 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

T. Finni ◽

V. Kovanen ◽

P. H. A. Ronkainen ◽

E. Pöllänen ◽

G. R. Bashford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽

Achilles Tendon ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physically Active ◽

Tendon Thickness

Estrogen concentration has been suggested to play a role in tendon abnormalities and injury. In physically active postmenopausal women, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been suggested to decrease tendon diameter. We hypothesized that HRT use and physical activity are associated with Achilles tendon size and tissue structure. The study applied cotwin analysis of fourteen 54- to 62-yr-old identical female twin pairs with current discordance for HRT use for an average of 7 yr. Achilles tendon thickness and cross-sectional areas were determined by ultrasonography, and tendon structural organization was analyzed from the images using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Maximal voluntary and twitch torques from plantar flexor muscles were measured. Serum levels of estradiol, estrone, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin were analyzed. Total daily metabolic equivalent score (MET-h/day) was calculated from physical activity questionnaires. Results showed that, in five physically active (MET > 4) pairs, the cotwins receiving HRT had greater estradiol level ( P = 0.043) and smaller tendon cross-sectional area than their sisters (63 vs. 71 mm2, P = 0.043). Among all pairs, Achilles tendon thickness and cross-sectional area did not significantly differ between HRT using and nonusing twin sisters. Intrapair correlation for Achilles tendon thickness was high, despite HRT use discordance ( r = 0.84, P < 0.001). LDA distinguished different tendon structure only from two of six examined twin pairs who had a similar level of physical activity. In conclusion, the effect of HRT on Achilles tendon characteristics independent of genetic confounding may be present only in the presence of sufficient physical activity. In physically active twin pairs, the higher level of estrogen seems to be associated with smaller tendon size.

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