scholarly journals Early activation of wheat polyamine biosynthesis during Fusarium head blight implicates putrescine as an inducer of trichothecene mycotoxin production

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M Gardiner ◽  
Kemal Kazan ◽  
Sebastien Praud ◽  
Francois J Torney ◽  
Anca Rusu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Polyamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Early Activation

scholarly journals Systematics, Phylogeny and Trichothecene Mycotoxin Potential of Fusarium Head Blight Cereal Pathogens

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki AOKI ◽  
Todd J. WARD ◽  
H. Corby KISTLER ◽  
Kerry O'DONNELL
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin

scholarly journals Expansion of internal hyphal growth in Fusarium Head Blight infected grains contribute to the elevated mycotoxin production during the malting process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Jin ◽  
Shyam Solanki ◽  
Gazala Ameen ◽  
Thomas Gross ◽  
Roshan Sharma Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the occurrence of mycotoxins is the largest food safety threat to malting and brewing grains. Worldwide surveys of commercial beers have reported that the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequent contaminant in beer. Although the DON content of grain generally declines during steeping due to its solubilization, Fusarium can continue to grow and produce DON from steeping through the early kilning stage of malting. DON present on malt is largely extracted into beer. The objective of the current study was to localize the growth of Fusarium within FHB infected kernels by developing an improved method and to associate fungal growth with the production of DON during malting. FHB infected barley, wheat, rye, and triticale grains that exhibited large increases in the amount of Fusarium Tri5 DNA and trichothecene mycotoxins following malting were screened for hyphal localization. The growth of fungal hyphae associated with grain and malt was imaged by scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope assisted with WGA-Alexa Fluor 488 staining, respectively. In barley, hyphae were present on or within the husk, vascular bundle, and pericarp cavities. Following malting, vast hyphal growth was observed not only in these regions, but also in the aleurone layer, endosperm, and embryo. Extensive fungal growth was also observed following malting of wheat, rye, and triticale. However, these grains already had an extensive internal presence of Fusarium hyphae in the unmalted grain, thus representing an enhanced chance of fungal expansion during the malting.

scholarly journals Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight and Seedling Blight in Wheat Is Associated with Activation of a Cytochrome P450 Gene

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Li ◽  
J. B. Zhang ◽  
B. Song ◽  
H. P. Li ◽  
H. Q. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Gene ◽  
P450 Gene ◽  
Resistant Reaction

One plant genotype displays a resistance phenotype at one development stage but a susceptible reaction to the same pathogen at another stage, which is referred to here as resistance inversion. In wheat, Fusarium head blight (FHB)-resistant cv. Sumai3 showed a Fusarium seedling blight (FSB)-susceptible reaction whereas FHB-susceptible cv. Annong8455 exhibited FSB resistance when challenged with a Fusarium asiaticum strain that produces deoxynivalenol (DON). The resistance to FHB and FSB in wheat was closely associated with expression of a plant cytochrome P450 gene in response to FHB pathogens and mycotoxins. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that expression of nine defense-related genes in spikes and seedlings was induced by the fungal infection, in which a massive accumulation of a plant cytochrome P450 gene, CYP709C1, was clearly associated with the resistance reaction in both seedling and spike. The FHB-resistant Sumai3 accumulated 7-fold more P450 transcripts than did the FHB-susceptible Annong8455, while 84-fold more P450 transcripts were accumulated in the FSB-resistant Annong8455 than the FSB-susceptible Sumai3. A Fusarium strain with a disrupted Tri5 gene, which is not able to produce the first enzyme essential for trichothecene mycotoxin biosynthesis, also induced more P450 transcripts in FHB- and FSB-resistant cultivars. The fungal activation of the P450 gene was more profound in the FSB-resistant reaction than the FHB-resistant reaction relative to their susceptible counterparts. DON triggered a differential expression of the P450 gene with comparable patterns in spikes and seedlings in a resistance-dependent manner. These results may provide a basis for dissecting mechanisms underlying FHB and FSB resistance reactions in wheat and revealing functions of the cytochrome P450 in plant detoxification and defense.

scholarly journals Gibberella ear and stalk rot caused by Fusarium meridionale and F. graminearum: aggressiveness and mycotoxin production in the field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Jackson Machado ◽  
Aline Vieira de Barros ◽  
Nicole McMaster ◽  
David G. Schmale ◽  
Lisa J. Vaillancourt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Disease Cycle ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Stalk Rot

Gibberella ear (GER) and stalk rot (GSR) of maize in Brazil are caused mainly by Fusarium meridionale, while F. graminearum is the more common cause of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) on wheat. Our previous study of two maize isolates of each species suggested that this pattern of dominance may be due to greater aggressiveness and competitiveness of F. meridionale on maize. Here we have evaluated pathogenicity and toxigenicity of 16 isolates of F. graminearum and 24 isolates of F. meridionale recovered from both wheat and maize. Strains were individually inoculated into ears of four maize hybrids in field trials. GER severity varied significantly among isolates within each species. Although ranges overlapped, average GER severity induced by F. meridionale (13.9%) was two times higher than F. graminearum (7.2%) for isolates obtained from maize, but similar for those isolated from wheat (11.8 and 10.6% respectively). In contrast, severity of GSR was slightly numerically higher for F. graminearum (18.4%) versus F. meridionale (16.1%), with no effect of host of origin. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated form 15ADON were the main mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum (7/16 strains), while nivalenol (NIV) was the only toxin produced by F. meridionale (17/24 strains). Six isolates of F. graminearum also produced zearalenone. Results confirm that F. meridionale from maize is, on average, more aggressive on maize, but suggest greater complexity related to diversity among individual isolates within each species. Further studies involving other components of the disease cycle may help to more fully explain the observed pattern of host dominance.

scholarly journals Quantification of Trichothecene-ProducingFusarium Species in Harvested Grain by Competitive PCR To Determine Efficacies of Fungicides against Fusarium Head Blight of Winter Wheat

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1575-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Edwards ◽  
S. R. Pirgozliev ◽  
M. C. Hare ◽  
P. Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Competitive Pcr ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Trichodiene Synthase ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quantitative Pcr Assay

ABSTRACT We developed a PCR-based assay to quantify trichothecene-producingFusarium based on primers derived from the trichodiene synthase gene (Tri5). The primers were tested against a range of fusarium head blight (FHB) (also known as scab) pathogens and found to amplify specifically a 260-bp product from 25 isolates belonging to six trichothecene-producing Fusariumspecies. Amounts of the trichothecene-producing Fusariumand the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grain from a field trial designed to test the efficacies of the fungicides metconazole, azoxystrobin, and tebuconazole to control FHB were quantified. No correlation was found between FHB severity and DON in harvested grain, but a good correlation existed between the amount of trichothecene-producing Fusarium and DON present within grain. Azoxystrobin did not affect levels of trichothecene-producingFusarium compared with those of untreated controls. Metconazole and tebuconazole significantly reduced the amount of trichothecene-producing Fusarium in harvested grain. We hypothesize that the fungicides affected the relationship between FHB severity and the amount of DON in harvested grain by altering the proportion of trichothecene-producing Fusarium within the FHB disease complex and not by altering the rate of DON production. The Tri5 quantitative PCR assay will aid research directed towards reducing amounts of trichothecene mycotoxins in food and animal feed.

Mycotoxin production and pathogenicity of Fusarium species and wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhivko Atanassov ◽  
Chiharu Nakamura ◽  
Naoki Mori ◽  
Chukichi Kaneda ◽  
Hajime Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Rice Culture ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Wheat Genotypes

In vitro production of trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxins, and their derivatives was studied in rice culture using 30 strains from seven Fusarium species. Six strains of three Fusarium species were selected for the evaluation of mycotoxin production and pathogenicity after artificial inoculation to seven wheat lines with different levels of resistance or susceptibility and their eight F1's. Three criteria were used for the evaluation: the reduction of seed set, the reduction of grain weight, and the concentration of mycotoxins in infected grain. Significant variability was observed among Fusarium strains, wheat genotypes, and in the interaction between them. The contribution of Fusarium strains, however, was far greater than that of the other two factors. The kinds and relative amounts of mycotoxins produced in rice culture were consistent with those present in infected grain with some exceptions. Significant correlations were found between the grain weight reduction and the mycotoxin concentration and between the level of resistance of the wheat genotypes under the artificial and natural conditions of infection. The biological role of Fusarium mycotoxins in pathogenicity and wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight is discussed. Key words: Fusarium head blight (scab), Fusarium mycotoxins, Fusarium pathogenicity, wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight.

Comparing Genetic Variation within Red Winter Wheat Populations with and without Image-Based Optical Sorter Selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-277
Author(s):  
Hussein M. Khaeim ◽  
Anthony Clark ◽  
Tom Pearson ◽  
Dr. David Van Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Head Scab

Head scab is historically a devastating disease affecting not just all classes of wheat but also barley and other small grains around the world. Fusarium head blight (FHB), or head scab, is caused most often by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), (sexual stage – Gibberella zeae) although several Fusarium spp. can cause the disease. This study was conducted to determine the effect of mass selection for FHB resistance using an image-based optical sorter. lines were derived from the C0 and C2 of two populations to compare genetic variation within populations with and without sorter selection. Our overall hypothesis is that sorting grain results in improved Fusarium head blight resistance. Both of the used wheat derived line populations have genetic variation, and population 1 has more than population 17. They are significantly different from each other for fusarium damged kernel (FDK), deoxynivalenol (DON), and other FHB traits. Although both populations are suitable to be grown for bulks, population 1 seems better since it has more genetic variation as well as lower FDK and DON, and earlier heading date. Lines within each population were significantly different and some lines in each population had significantly lower FDK and DON after selection using an optical sorter. Some lines had significant reduction in both FDK and DON, and some others had either FDK or DON reduction. Lines of population 1 that had significant reduction, were more numerous than in population 17, and FDK and DON reduction were greater.

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