Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we provide evidence that an increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response or a disturbance of mitochondrial function inhibits LDLR expression in human liver Sk-Hep1 cells. Both organelle stresses triggered activation of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3), which subsequently reduced LDLR expression. Serial deletion studies revealed that the LDLR promoter region within -234 bp was involved in the repression of LDLR by ATF3. In addition, we identified the region between -8 and -3 of LDLR promoter region as a putative binding site for ATF3 by using deletion construct lacking 6 bp nucleotide corresponding to this region. Transfection of ATF3-specific siRNA rescued LDLR expression under organelle stress, indicating that ATF3 was mainly responsible for the repression of LDLR by these stressors. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that ATF3 directly binds to the LDLR promoter in a stress-dependent manner. The unique sterol-independent LDLR repression by organelle stress via ATF3 demonstrated here could be involved in obesity-related hypercholesterolemia, which can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Re-sequencing of the APOAI promoter region and the genetic association of the -75G > A polymorphism with increased cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels among a sample of the Kuwaiti population