scholarly journals Status of pesticide management in the practice of vector control: a global survey in countries at risk of malaria or other major vector-borne diseases

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Jeffrey Hii ◽  
Agnes Soares ◽  
Abraham Mnzava ◽  
Birkinesh Ameneshewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
Pesticide Management ◽  
Vector Borne

scholarly journals Management of insecticides for use in disease vector control: a global survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Bhupender Nath Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
External Support ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
Pesticide Management ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background: Vector control plays a critical role in the prevention, control and elimination of vector-borne diseases, and interventions of vector control continue to depend largely on the action of chemical insecticides. A global survey was conducted on the management practices of vector control insecticides at country level to identify gaps to inform future strategies on pesticide management, seeking to improve efficacy of interventions and reduce the side effects of chemicals used on health and the environment.Methods: A survey by questionnaire on the management practices of vector control insecticides was disseminated among all WHO Member States. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Responses were received from 94 countries, or a 48% response rate . Capacity for insecticide resistance monitoring was established in 68-80% of the countries in most regions, often with external support; however, this capacity was largely lacking from the European & Others Region. Procurement of vector control insecticides was in 50-75% of countries taking place by agencies other than the central-level procuring agency, over which the central authorities lacked control, for example, to select the product or assure product quality. Moreover, some countries experienced problems with estimating the correct amounts for procurement, especially for emergency purposes. Large fractions of countries across regions showed shortcomings in worker safety, pesticide storage practices, and pesticide waste disposal. Shortcomings were most pronounced in countries of the European & Others region, which has long been relatively free from mosquito-borne diseases but have recently faced challenges of re-emerging vector-borne diseases.Conclusions: Critical shortcomings in the management of vector control insecticides are common in countries across regions, with risks of adverse pesticide effects on health and the environment. Advocacy and resource mobilization are needed at regional and country level to address these challenges.

scholarly journals Management of insecticides for use in disease vector control: a global survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Bhupender N. Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
External Support ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
Pesticide Management ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background Vector control plays a critical role in the prevention, control and elimination of vector-borne diseases, and interventions of vector control continue to depend largely on the action of chemical insecticides. A global survey was conducted on the management practices of vector control insecticides at country level to identify gaps to inform future strategies on pesticide management, seeking to improve efficacy of interventions and reduce the side-effects of chemicals used on health and the environment. Methods A survey by questionnaire on the management practices of vector control insecticides was disseminated among all WHO Member States. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics in MS Excel. Results Responses were received from 94 countries, or a 48% response rate. Capacity for insecticide resistance monitoring was established in 68–80% of the countries in most regions, often with external support; however, this capacity was largely lacking from the European & Others Region (i.e. Western & Eastern Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand). Procurement of vector control insecticides was in 50–75% of countries taking place by agencies other than the central-level procuring agency, over which the central authorities lacked control, for example, to select the product or assure its quality, highlighting the importance of post-market monitoring. Moreover, some countries experienced problems with estimating the correct amounts for procurement, especially for emergency purposes. Large fractions (29–78%) of countries across regions showed shortcomings in worker safety, pesticide storage practices and pesticide waste disposal. Shortcomings were most pronounced in countries of the European & Others Region, which has long been relatively free from mosquito-borne diseases but has recently faced challenges of re-emerging vector-borne diseases. Conclusions Critical shortcomings in the management of vector control insecticides are common in countries across regions, with risks of adverse pesticide effects on health and the environment. Advocacy and resource mobilization are needed at regional and country levels to address these challenges.

scholarly journals Lifecycle management of insecticides used for disease vector control: a global survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Bhupender Nath Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
External Support ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Lifecycle Management

Abstract Background: Vector control plays a critical role in the prevention, control and elimination of vector-borne diseases, and interventions of vector control continue to depend largely on the action of chemical insecticides. A global survey was conducted on the lifecycle management practices of vector control insecticides at country level to identify gaps to inform future strategies to improve efficacy of interventions and reduce the side effects of chemicals used on health and the environment.Methods: A survey by questionnaire was disseminated among all WHO Member States on the lifecycle management practices of vector control insecticides at country level. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Responses were received from 94 countries, indicating a response rate of 48%. Capacity for insecticide resistance monitoring has been established in part of the countries, often with external support; however, this capacity was lacking from other countries. Procurement of vector control insecticides was often taking place at decentralized levels, over which the central authorities lacked control, for example, to select the product or assure quality of the product. Moreover, some countries experienced problems with estimating the correct amounts for procurement, especially for emergency purposes. Countries across regions showed shortcomings in worker safety, pesticide storage practices, and pesticide waste disposal. Shortcomings were most pronounced in countries of the European & Others Group, most of which have long been relatively free from mosquito-borne diseases but have recently faced challenges of re-emerging vector-borne diseases.Conclusions: Critical shortcomings in the management of vector control insecticides are common in countries across regions, with risks of adverse pesticide effects on health and the environment. Advocacy and resource mobilization are needed at regional and country level to address these challenges.

scholarly journals Lifecycle Management of Insecticides Used for Disease Vector Control: A Global Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Bhupender Nath Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
External Support ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Lifecycle Management

Abstract Background: Vector control plays a critical role in the prevention, control and elimination of vector-borne diseases, and interventions of vector control continue to depend largely on the action of chemical insecticides. A global survey was conducted on the lifecycle management practices of vector control insecticides at country level to identify gaps to inform future strategies to improve efficacy of interventions and reduce the side effects of chemicals used on health and the environment.Methods: A survey by questionnaire was disseminated among all WHO Member States on the lifecycle management practices of vector control insecticides at country level. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Responses were received from 94 countries, indicating a response rate of 48%. Capacity for insecticide resistance monitoring has been established in part of the countries, often with external support; however, this capacity was lacking from other countries. Procurement of vector control insecticides was often taking place at decentralized levels, over which the central authorities lacked control, for example, to select the product or assure quality of the product. Moreover, some countries experienced problems with estimating the correct amounts for procurement, especially for emergency purposes. Countries across regions showed shortcomings in worker safety, pesticide storage practices, and pesticide waste disposal. Shortcomings were most pronounced in countries of the European & Others Group, most of which have long been relatively free from mosquito-borne diseases but have recently faced challenges of re-emerging vector-borne diseases.Conclusions: Critical shortcomings in the management of vector control insecticides are common in countries across regions, with risks of adverse pesticide effects on health and the environment. Advocacy and resource mobilization are needed at regional and country level to address these challenges.

scholarly journals Vaccine and Therapeutic Options To Control Chikungunya Virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control ◽  
Integrated Vector Control

SUMMARYBeginning in 2004, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) went from an endemic pathogen limited to Africa and Asia that caused periodic outbreaks to a global pathogen. Given that outbreaks caused by CHIKV have continued and expanded, serious consideration must be given to identifying potential options for vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no licensed products in this realm, and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control, which are only minimally effective. Therefore, it is prudent to urgently examine further possibilities for control. Vaccines have been shown to be highly effective against vector-borne diseases. However, as CHIKV is known to rapidly spread and generate high attack rates, therapeutics would also be highly valuable. Several candidates are currently being developed; this review describes the multiple options under consideration for future development and assesses their relative advantages and disadvantages.

Multisectoral approaches for the control of vector-borne diseases, with particular emphasis on dengue and housing

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. 823-828
Author(s):  
Olaf Horstick ◽  
Silvia Runge-Ranzinger
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract The Sustainable Development Goals suggest an intersectoral approach for development and health, including for vector-borne diseases. Evidence-based policy recommendations exist for malaria and housing, but not for other, more underfunded, vector-borne diseases. This review aims to stimulate the process for developing policy recommendations for other vector-borne diseases and housing with the process as it was developed for dengue and Aedes control as an example and with suggestions for steps necessary for other vector-borne diseases. For dengue, some basic research on the efficacy of vector control in relation to housing exists, summary evidence highlights the lack of evidence and efficacy and policy recommendations remain difficult. For other vector-borne diseases, few studies have focused on protecting the house, combinations of effective interventions (e.g. intradomiciliary residual spraying, insecticide-treated materials and treatment of larval habitats with biological and chemical methods, which have proven to be effective) have not been studied and summary evidence is non-existent. In order to recommend vector control to protect the house against vector-borne diseases, basic research and summary evidence are needed, with an appropriate combination of the most efficacious interventions and linked to improvement of housing itself. Standards for such studies need to be developed.

scholarly journals Integrated management of vector borne diseases in conditions of humanitarian crisis with emphasis on vector control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Εμμανουήλ-Αλέξανδρος Φωτάκης
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

Οι εντομομεταδιδόμενες ασθένειες αποτελούν ένα από τα σημαντικότερα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζει η ανθρωπότητα πλήττοντας δυσανάλογα φτωχούς και περιθωριοποιημένους πληθυσμούς. Κατά την τελευταία δεκαετία, η Ελλάδα και γείτονες χώρες είναι αντιμέτωπες με την εμφάνιση/επανεμφάνιση σημαντικών ασθενειών που μεταδίδονται από κουνούπια και φλεβοτόμους - θέτοντας σημαντικές προκλήσεις για τη δημόσια υγεία. Μέσα σε αυτό το έντονο επιδημιολογικό περιβάλλον, χιλιάδες πρόσφυγες διαμένουν επί του παρόντος σε προσωρινές δομές υπό ανεπαρκείς συνθήκες διαβίωσης, ενδεχομένως αντιμετωπίζοντας αυξημένο κίνδυνο έκθεσης στα εν λόγω νοσήματα. Η προστασία της δημόσιας υγείας έναντι των εντομεταδιδόμενων ασθενειών βασίζεται σε μεγάλο βαθμό σε προγράμματα καταπολέμησης των φορέων με την χρήση εντομοκτόνων. Ωστόσο, ένα παγκόσμιο πρόβλημα που σχετίζεται με την εκτεταμένη χρήση περιορισμένου αριθμού διαθέσιμων εντομοκτόνων είναι η ανάπτυξη ανθεκτικότητας στα εντομοκτόνα σε πληθυσμούς φορέων, απειλώντας την αποτελεσματικότητα των παρεμβάσεων. Η ανάπτυξη κατάλληλων προγραμμάτων καταπολέμησης (βασιζόμενα σε δεδομένα επιτήρησης) και η διαχείριση της ανθεκτικότητας στα εντομοκτόνα αποτελούν επιτακτική ανάγκη για τον αποτελεσματικό έλεγχο των φορέων και των ασθενειών που μεταδίδουν. Βασικές προϋποθέσεις για αυτό περιλαμβάνουν, ο εντοπισμός μοριακών μηχανισμών που προσδίδουν ανθεκτικότητα, η ανάπτυξη ολοκληρωμένων συστημάτων επιτήρησης με έμφαση σε περιοχές αυξημένης επιδημιολογικής σημασίας και η μετατροπή των δεδομένων επιτήρησης σε επιχειρησιακή γνώση/πληροφορία. Η διδακτορική μου μελέτη πραγματοποιήθηκε σε τρία ερευνητικά μέρη. Στο 1ο μέρος, αναλύθηκαν κουνούπια Culex pipiens – που είναι ο κύριος φορέας του ιού του Δυτικού Νείλου, για μεταλλαγές που παρέχουν ανθεκτικότητα στο diflubenzuron (DFB), ένα από τα πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενα προνυμφοκτόνα. Αναλύσεις αλληλούχισης σε πληθυσμούς από την Ιταλία αποκάλυψαν την παρουσία μιας νέας μεταλλαγής, της I1043F, στο γονίδιο συνθάσης της χιτινής (CHS) των κουνουπιών. H συγκεκριμένη μεταλλαγή (η οποία έχει βρεθεί επίσης σε έντομα γεωργικής σημασίας και έχει συσχετιστεί με πολύ υψηλά επίπεδα ανθεκτικότητας στο DFB) βρέθηκε να είναι σημαντικά υψηλότερη σε Cx. pipiens κουνούπια που επιβίωσαν σε υψηλές δόσεις DFB. Αναλύσεις για την παρουσία/συχνότητα της I1043F και των μεταλλαγών I1043L και I1043M που έχουν εντοπιστεί παλαιότερα, σε Cx. pipiens κουνούπια από διάφορες χώρες της Μεσογείου κατέγραψαν υψηλές συχνότητες μεταλλαγών σε πληθυσμούς από την Ιταλία, φτάνοντας το 93,3% για την I1043M, το 64,8% για την I1043L και το 10% για την I1043F, εγείροντας μεγάλη ανησυχία για τα προγράμματα καταπολέμησης κουνουπιών στην Ευρώπη και επισημαίνοντας την αναγκαιότητα ανάπτυξης κατάλληλων προγραμμάτων διαχείρισης της ανθεκτικότητας. Επίσης ανέλυσα σκνίπες-φορείς λεϊσμανίασης που συλλέχθηκαν από την Ελλάδα και την Τουρκία για την παρουσία και τη συχνότητα μεταλλαγών kdr που σχετίζονται με ανθεκτικότητα στα πυρεθροειδή (τα πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενα ακμαιοκτόνα). Η μεταλλαγή L1014F (η οποία σε ομοζυγωτία έχει συσχετιστεί με ανθεκτικούς φαινοτύπους στα πυρεθροειδή σε πολλά έντομα) ανιχνεύθηκε σε δείγματα Phlebotomus papatasi από την Sanliurfa, Τουρκία σε αλληλική συχνότητα 48% με τα L1014F/L1014F ομόζυγα άτομα να αντιπροσωπεύουν το 32% του πληθυσμού. Αυτή είναι η πρώτη αναφορά μεταλλαγών ανθεκτικότητας στον κύριο φορέα λεϊσμανίασης P. papatasi, προκαλώντας ιδιαίτερη ανησυχία για την καταπολέμηση της λεϊσμανίασης. Στο 2ο μέρος: Αναπτύχθηκε ένα δίκτυο επιτήρησης φορέων / παθογόνων σε τέσσερα κέντρα φιλοξενίας προσφύγων στην Ελλάδα. Καταγράφηκαν σημαντικά είδη κουνουπιών και σκνιπών - φορείς παθογόνων καθώς και υψηλά ποσοστά μόλυνσης από Leishmania donovani και L. tropica σε δείγματα σκνιπών, δείχνοντας πως οι τοπικοί προσφυγικοί πληθυσμοί αντιμετωπίζουν αυξημένο κίνδυνο μόλυνσης από εντομομεταδιδόμενες ασθένειες. Επιπλέον, αναλύσεις στα συλλεχθέντα άτομα κουνουπιών/σκνιπών για την παρουσία/συχνότητα μεταλλαγών kdr και ανθεκτικότητας στο DFB, αποκάλυψε την παρουσία μεταλλαγών kdr σε τοπικούς πληθυσμούς Cx. pipiens και Aedes albopictus, αποτελώντας πιθανή απειλή κατά της αποτελεσματικότητας πυρεθροειδών εντομοκτόνων στα υπό μελέτη κέντρα. Η καθιέρωση προγραμμάτων επιτήρησης / καταπολέμησης εντομομεταδιδόμενων ασθενειών σε οικισμούς προσφύγων και η πραγματοποίηση στοχοθετημένων δράσεων για την διασφάλιση επαρκών συνθηκών διαβίωσης, αποτελούν απαραίτητες ενέργειες για την προστασία των προσφυγικών πληθυσμών. Στο 3ο μέρος : Σχεδίασα το VectorMap-GR: ένα ανοιχτής πρόσβασης επιχειρησιακό εργαλείο διαχείρισης εντομολογικών δεδομένων, που υποστηρίζει την παραγωγή επιχειρησιακών GIS χαρτών και γραφημάτων. Το σύστημα επιτρέπει επίσης συγκρίσεις και συσχετίσεις των εντομολογικών δεδομένων με σύνολα επιδημιολογικών δεδομένων. Η ενσωμάτωση του νέου εργαλείου σε προγράμματα καταπολέμησης μπορεί να βοηθήσει στην ιεράρχηση περιοχών σε σχέση με την ευπάθεια μετάδοσης ασθενειών, την ανάπτυξη έγκαιρων και κατάλληλων αποκρίσεων ελέγχου/καταπολέμησης καθώς και την αξιολόγηση τρεχόντων και προηγούμενων προγραμμάτων καταπολέμησης.

scholarly journals The use of islands and cluster-randomized trials to investigate vector control interventions: a case study on the Bijagós archipelago, Guinea-Bissau

2020 ◽  
Vol 376 (1818) ◽  
pp. 20190807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Jones ◽  
Elizabeth Pretorius ◽  
Thomas H. Ant ◽  
John Bradley ◽  
Anna Last ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trials ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Vector-borne diseases threaten the health of populations around the world. While key interventions continue to provide protection from vectors, there remains a need to develop and test new vector control tools. Cluster-randomized trials, in which the intervention or control is randomly allocated to clusters, are commonly selected for such evaluations, but their design must carefully consider cluster size and cluster separation, as well as the movement of people and vectors, to ensure sufficient statistical power and avoid contamination of results. Island settings present an opportunity to conduct these studies. Here, we explore the benefits and challenges of conducting intervention studies on islands and introduce the Bijagós archipelago of Guinea-Bissau as a potential study site for interventions intended to control vector-borne diseases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.

scholarly journals Vectors and vector-borne diseases in Qatar: current status, key challenges and future prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
F. Schaffner ◽  
D. Bansal ◽  
K. Mardini ◽  
S.A. Al-Marri ◽  
M.H.J. Al-Thani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Vector Borne

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) have re-emerged worldwide due to urbanisation, increase in travel and climate change, becoming a major and serious threat to global public health. In Qatar, the concern has recently risen because of the attribution of the soccer 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar™, which necessitates fulfilling requirements in terms of prevention and preparedness for disease transmission, including VBDs. This review presents a general overview about current status of vectors and VBDs in Qatar and addresses key challenges and future prospects of control programmes and strategies. It is based on a vector control situation analysis and needs assessment performed during an expert mission in Qatar, November 2017, organised by the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office and achieved in collaboration with the Ministry of Public Health of Qatar and other local stakeholders. The situation of vectors and VBDs of public health importance in Qatar was analysed based on a systematic literature review by December 31, 2019. The literature reveals that no locally transmitted VBD cases have been recorded in Qatar, but cases were recorded among expatriate workers and travellers who returned from an endemic country. However, data on VBD cases remain scarce except for malaria. The presence of native arthropod vectors is under-recorded to date. A compilation of literature data revealed reports of 30 vector species, including 20 mosquitoes, 2 fleas, 1 louse, 1 fly, and 6 ticks. Overall, Qatar benefits currently from a good surveillance of some VBDs (malaria) and has some capacities in vector control, but no national plan exists, and vector surveillance is in its infancy. In Qatar, clear needs exist in capacity in epidemiology and vector entomology, as well as on the organisational level, and a number of measures are suggested to mitigate and improve VBD risk assessment and management. There is an urgent need to define sustainable solutions for VBD control, management and prevention, and a number of recommendations are suggested.

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