scholarly journals Transcriptomic study of pedicels from GA3-treated table grape genotypes with different susceptibility to berry drop reveals responses elicited in cell wall yield, primary growth and phenylpropanoids synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Meneses ◽  
Miguel García-Rojas ◽  
Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza ◽  
Tomás Carrasco-Valenzuela ◽  
Bruno Defilippi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Primary Growth

scholarly journals Transcriptomic study of pedicels from GA3-treated table grape genotypes with different susceptibility to berry drop reveals responses elicited in cell wall yield, primary growth and phenylpropanoids synthesis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Meneses ◽  
Miguel García-Rojas ◽  
Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza ◽  
Tomás Carrasco-Valenzuela ◽  
Bruno Defilippi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Berry Size

Abstract Background Gibberellins (GA3) are the most sprayed growth regulator for table grape production worldwide, increasing berry size of seedless varieties through pericarp cell expansion. However, these treatments also exacerbate berry drop, which has a detrimental effect on the postharvest quality of commercialized clusters. Several studies have suggested that pedicel stiffening caused by GA3 would have a role in this disorder. Nevertheless, transcriptional and phenotypic information regarding pedicel responses to GA3 is minimal. Results Characterization of responses to GA3 treatments using the lines L23 and Thompson Seedless showed that the former was up to six times more susceptible to berry drop than the latter. GA3 also increased the diameter and dry matter percentage of the pedicel on both genotypes. Induction of lignin biosynthesis-related genes by GA3 has been reported, so the quantity of this polymer was measured. The acetyl bromide method detected a decreased concentration of lignin seven days after GA3 treatment, due to a higher cell wall yield of the isolated fractions of GA3-treated pedicel samples which caused a dilution effect. Thus, an initial enrichment of primary cell wall components in response to GA3 was suggested, particularly in the L23 background. A transcriptomic profiling was performed to identify which genes were associated with these phenotypic changes. This analysis identified 1,281 and 1,787 genes differentially upregulated by GA3 in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless, respectively. Concomitantly, 1,202 and 1,317 downregulated genes were detected in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless (FDR≤0.05). Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes showed enrichment in pathways including phenylpropanoids, cell wall metabolism, xylem development, photosynthesis and the cell cycle at seven days post GA3 application. Twelve genes were characterized by qPCR and striking differences were observed between genotypes, mainly in genes related to cell wall synthesis. Conclusions High levels of berry drop are related to an early strong response of primary cell wall synthesis in the pedicel promoted by GA3 treatment. Genetic backgrounds can produce similar phenotypic responses to GA3, although there is considerable variation in the regulation of genes in terms of which are expressed, and the extent of transcript levels achieved within the same time frame.

Microfibrils in primary and secondary wall growth develop trellis configurations

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (23) ◽  
pp. 2687-2701 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Boyd ◽  
R. C. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
General Orientation ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Wall Growth

In primary growth, protoplasmic pressure expands the cell wall as its cellulosic framework is being built up and strengthened. Numerous micrographs provide evidence that as each lamella of the wall is differentiated, randomly spaced bonds tend to develop between its adjacent microfibrils. Apparently the number of bonds so developed, and the number retained unbroken subsequently, are related to the rate of cell wall extension.Between unbroken bonds, tensions associated with growth cause adjacent transverse microfibrils to bend successively to each side of their original general orientation. Thus, within a lamella they form lenticular, trellis-like configurations. Large extensions cause large local variations in direction; some microfibrils remain adjacent within groups, but the groups may be widely separated. Such microfibril configurations are generally incompatible with the multinet theory. Apparently also, the very large extensions of the lamellae formed soon after cell division can cause breaking of bonds, wide dispersion, and even breaking of microfibrils.In secondary growth, similar bonding between microfibrils occurs within lamellae and also between lamellae of the cell wall. Again, there is associated development of trellis configurations, but in this case it is due to swelling within the wall during lignification. Resulting changes in microfibrillar directions between bonded positions are much less extreme than in primary walls, but they are highly significant physiologically.

scholarly journals Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2642
Author(s):  
Bárbara Rojas ◽  
Felipe Suárez-Vega ◽  
Susana Saez-Aguayo ◽  
Patricio Olmedo ◽  
Baltasar Zepeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Immunofluorescence Analysis ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on ‘Thompson Seedless’ berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest.

scholarly journals Early response to GA3-treatment in the pedicel of table grape genotypes with different susceptibility to berry drop reveals responses elicited in cell wall yield and modification of lignin content

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Meneses ◽  
Miguel García-Rojas ◽  
Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza ◽  
Tomás Carrasco-Valenzuela ◽  
Bruno Defilippi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Berry Size

Abstract Background Gibberellins (GA3) are the most sprayed growth regulator for table grape production worldwide, increasing berry size of seedless varieties through pericarp cell expansion. However, these treatments also exacerbate berry drop, which has a detrimental effect on the postharvest quality of commercialized clusters. Several studies have suggested that pedicel stiffening caused by GA3 would have a role in this disorder. Nevertheless, transcriptional and phenotypic information regarding pedicel responses to GA3 is minimal.Results Characterization of responses to GA3 treatments using the lines L23 and Thompson Seedless showed that the former was up to six times more susceptible to berry drop than the latter. GA3 also increased the diameter and dry matter percentage of the pedicel on both genotypes. Induction of lignin biosynthesis-related genes by GA3 has been reported, so the quantity of this polymer was measured. The acetyl bromide method detected a decreased concentration of lignin seven days after GA3 treatment, due to a higher cell wall yield of the isolated fractions of GA3 -treated pedicel samples which caused a dilution effect. Thus, an initial enrichment of primary cell wall components in response to GA3 was suggested, particularly in the L23 background. A transcriptomic profiling was performed to identify which genes were associated with these phenotypic changes. This analysis identified 1,281 and 1,787 genes differentially upregulated by GA3 in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless, respectively. Concomitantly, 1,202 and 1,317 downregulated genes were detected in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless (FDR≤0.05). Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes showed enrichment in pathways including phenylpropanoids, cell wall metabolism, xylem development, photosynthesis and the cell cycle at seven days post GA3 application. Twelve genes were characterized by qPCR and striking differences were observed between genotypes, mainly in genes related to cell wall synthesis.Conclusions High levels of berry drop are related to an early strong response of primary cell wall synthesis in the pedicel promoted by GA3 treatment. Genetic backgrounds can produce similar phenotypic responses to GA3 , although there is considerable variation in the regulation of genes in terms of which are expressed, and the extent of transcript levels achieved within the same time frame.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic study of pedicels from GA3-treated table grape genotypes with different susceptibility to berry drop reveals responses elicited in cell wall yield, primary growth and phenylpropanoids synthesis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Meneses ◽  
Miguel García-Rojas ◽  
Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza ◽  
Tomás Carrasco-Valenzuela ◽  
Bruno Defilippi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Berry Size

Abstract Background Gibberellins (GA3) are the most sprayed growth regulator for table grape production worldwide, increasing berry size of seedless varieties through pericarp cell expansion. However, these treatments also exacerbate berry drop, which has a detrimental effect on the postharvest quality of commercialized clusters. Several studies have suggested that pedicel stiffening caused by GA3 would have a role in this disorder. Nevertheless, transcriptional and phenotypic information regarding pedicel responses to GA3 is minimal. Results Characterization of responses to GA3 treatments using the lines L23 and Thompson Seedless showed that the former was up to six times more susceptible to berry drop than the latter. GA3 also increased the diameter and dry matter percentage of the pedicel on both genotypes. Induction of lignin biosynthesis-related genes by GA3 has been reported, so the quantity of this polymer was measured. The acetyl bromide method detected a decreased concentration of lignin seven days after GA3 treatment, due to a higher cell wall yield of the isolated fractions of GA3-treated pedicel samples which caused a dilution effect. Thus, an initial enrichment of primary cell wall components in response to GA3 was suggested, particularly in the L23 background. A transcriptomic profiling was performed to identify which genes were associated with these phenotypic changes. This analysis identified 1,281 and 1,787 genes differentially upregulated by GA3 in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless, respectively. Concomitantly, 1,202 and 1,317 downregulated genes were detected in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless (FDR≤0.05). Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes showed enrichment in pathways including phenylpropanoids, cell wall metabolism, xylem development, photosynthesis and the cell cycle at seven days post GA3 application. Twelve genes were characterized by qPCR and striking differences were observed between genotypes, mainly in genes related to cell wall synthesis. Conclusions High levels of berry drop are related to an early strong response of primary cell wall synthesis in the pedicel promoted by GA3 treatment. Genetic backgrounds can produce similar phenotypic responses to GA3, although there is considerable variation in the regulation of genes in terms of which are expressed, and the extent of transcript levels achieved within the same time frame.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic study of pedicels from GA3-treated table grape genotypes with different susceptibility to berry drop reveals responses elicited in cell wall yield, primary growth and phenylpropanoids synthesis.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Meneses ◽  
Miguel García-Rojas ◽  
Claudia Muñoz-Espinoza ◽  
Tomás Carrasco-Valenzuela ◽  
Bruno Defilippi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Acetyl Bromide ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Berry Size

Abstract Background Gibberellins (GA3) are the most sprayed growth regulator for table grape production worldwide, increasing berry size of seedless varieties through pericarp cell expansion. However, these treatments also exacerbate berry drop, which has a detrimental effect on the postharvest quality of commercialized clusters. Several studies have suggested that pedicel stiffening caused by GA3 would have a role in this disorder. Nevertheless, transcriptional and phenotypic information regarding pedicel responses to GA3 is minimal.Results Characterization of responses to GA3 treatments using the lines L23 and Thompson Seedless showed that the former was up to six times more susceptible to berry drop than the latter. GA3 also increased the diameter and dry matter percentage of the pedicel on both genotypes. Induction of lignin biosynthesis-related genes by GA3 has been reported, so the quantity of this polymer was measured. The acetyl bromide method detected a decreased concentration of lignin seven days after GA3 treatment, due to a higher cell wall yield of the isolated fractions of GA3-treated pedicel samples which caused a dilution effect. Thus, an initial enrichment of primary cell wall components in response to GA3 was suggested, particularly in the L23 background. A transcriptomic profiling was performed to identify which genes were associated with these phenotypic changes. This analysis identified 1,281 and 1,787 genes differentially upregulated by GA3 in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless, respectively. Concomitantly, 1,202 and 1,317 downregulated genes were detected in L23 and cv. Thompson Seedless (FDR≤0.05). Gene ontology analysis of upregulated genes showed enrichment in pathways including phenylpropanoids, cell wall metabolism, xylem development, photosynthesis and the cell cycle at seven days post GA3 application. Twelve genes were characterized by qPCR and striking differences were observed between genotypes, mainly in genes related to cell wall synthesis.Conclusions High levels of berry drop are related to an early strong response of primary cell wall synthesis in the pedicel promoted by GA3 treatment. Genetic backgrounds can produce similar phenotypic responses to GA3, although there is considerable variation in the regulation of genes in terms of which are expressed, and the extent of transcript levels achieved within the same time frame.

Influence of Cell Wall Composition on the Fossilisation of Bacteria and the Implications for the Search for Early Life Forms

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 491-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Westall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Cation Binding ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hydrothermal Sediments ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe oldest cell-like structures on Earth are preserved in silicified lagoonal, shallow sea or hydrothermal sediments, such as some Archean formations in Western Australia and South Africa. Previous studies concentrated on the search for organic fossils in Archean rocks. Observations of silicified bacteria (as silica minerals) are scarce for both the Precambrian and the Phanerozoic, but reports of mineral bacteria finds, in general, are increasing. The problems associated with the identification of authentic fossil bacteria and, if possible, closer identification of bacteria type can, in part, be overcome by experimental fossilisation studies. These have shown that not all bacteria fossilise in the same way and, indeed, some seem to be very resistent to fossilisation. This paper deals with a transmission electron microscope investigation of the silicification of four species of bacteria commonly found in the environment. The Gram positiveBacillus laterosporusand its spore produced a robust, durable crust upon silicification, whereas the Gram negativePseudomonas fluorescens, Ps. vesicularis, andPs. acidovoranspresented delicately preserved walls. The greater amount of peptidoglycan, containing abundant metal cation binding sites, in the cell wall of the Gram positive bacterium, probably accounts for the difference in the mode of fossilisation. The Gram positive bacteria are, therefore, probably most likely to be preserved in the terrestrial and extraterrestrial rock record.

Influence of Calcium Ions on the Plant Cell Surface: Membrane Fusions and Conformational Changes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
D. James Morré ◽  
Charles E. Bracker ◽  
William J. VanDerWoude
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Wall Extensibility

Calcium ions in the concentration range 5-100 mM inhibit auxin-induced cell elongation and wall extensibility of plant stems. Inhibition of wall extensibility requires that the tissue be living; growth inhibition cannot be explained on the basis of cross-linking of carboxyl groups of cell wall uronides by calcium ions. In this study, ultrastructural evidence was sought for an interaction of calcium ions with some component other than the wall at the cell surface of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) hypocotyls.

Freeze-Fracture Replication in the Ultrastructure of Blue-Green Algae

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 74-75
Author(s):  
L. V. Leak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Photosynthetic Membranes ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Cell Biol ◽  
Cellular Components

Electron microscopic observations of freeze-fracture replicas of Anabaena cells obtained by the procedures described by Bullivant and Ames (J. Cell Biol., 1966) indicate that the frozen cells are fractured in many different planes. This fracturing or cleaving along various planes allows one to gain a three dimensional relation of the cellular components as a result of such a manipulation. When replicas that are obtained by the freeze-fracture method are observed in the electron microscope, cross fractures of the cell wall and membranes that comprise the photosynthetic lamellae are apparent as demonstrated in Figures 1 & 2.A large portion of the Anabaena cell is composed of undulating layers of cytoplasm that are bounded by unit membranes that comprise the photosynthetic membranes. The adjoining layers of cytoplasm are closely apposed to each other to form the photosynthetic lamellae. Occassionally the adjacent layers of cytoplasm are separated by an interspace that may vary in widths of up to several 100 mu to form intralamellar vesicles.

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