scholarly journals Infection pattern, case fatality rate and spread of Lassa virus in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement Ameh Yaro ◽  
Ezekiel Kogi ◽  
Kenneth Nnamdi Opara ◽  
Gaber El-Saber Batiha ◽  
Roua S. Baty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Infection Pattern

Abstract Background Lassa fever (LF) is a zoonotic infectious disease of public concern in Nigeria. The infection dynamics of the disease is not well elucidated in Nigeria. This study was carried out to describe the pattern of infection, case fatality rate and spread of lassa virus (LASV) from 2017 to 2020. Methods Weekly epidemiological data on LF from December, 2016 to September, 2020 were obtained from Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. The number of confirmed cases and deaths were computed according to months and states. Descriptive statistics was performed and case fatality rate was calculated. Distribution and spread maps of LF over the four years period was performed on ArcMap 10.7. Results A total of 2787 confirmed cases and 516 deaths were reported in Nigeria from December, 2016 to September, 2020. Increase in number of cases and deaths were observed with 298, 528, 796 and 1165 confirmed cases and 79, 125, 158 and 158 deaths in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively. Over 60% of the cases were reported in two states, Edo and Ondo states. The LF cases spread from 19 states in 2017 to 32 states and Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in 2020. Ondo state (25.39%) had the highest of deaths rate from LF over the four years. Case fatality rate (CFR) of LF was highest in 2017 (26.5%) with CFR of 23.7, 19.6 and 13.4% in 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively. The peak of infection was in the month of February for the four years. Infections increases at the onset of dry season in November and decline till April when the wet season sets-in. Conclusion There is an annual increase in the number of LASV infection across the states in Nigeria. There is need to heighten control strategies through the use of integrated approach, ranging from vector control, health education and early diagnosis.

scholarly journals Global Epidemiology of First 90 Days into COVID-19 Pandemic: Disease Incidence, Prevalence, Case Fatality Rate and Their Association with Population Density, Urbanisation and Elderly Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivam Gupta ◽  
Kamalesh Kumar Patel ◽  
Shobana Sivaraman ◽  
Abha Mangal
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
First 90 Days

As the COVID-19 pandemic marches exponentially, epidemiological data is of high importance to analyse the current situation and guide intervention strategies. This study analyses the epidemiological data of COVID-19 from 17 countries, representing 85 per cent of the total cases within first 90 days of lockdown in Wuhan, China. It follows a population-level observational study design and includes countries with 20,000 cases (or higher) as of 21 April 2020. We sourced the data for these 17 countries from worldometers. info, a digital platform being used by several media and reputed academic institutions worldwide. We calculated the prevalence, incidence, case fatality rate and trends in the epidemiology of COVID-19, and its correlation with population density, urbanisation and elderly population. The analysis represents 85 per cent ( N = 2,183,661) of all cases within the first 90 days of the pandemic. Across the analysed period, the burden of the pandemic primarily focused on high- and middle-income countries of Asia, Europe and North America. While the total number of cases and deaths are highest in USA, the prevalence, incidence and case fatality rates are higher in the European countries. The prevalence and incidence vary widely among countries included in the analysis, and the number of cases per million and the case fatality rate are correlated with the proportion of the elderly population and to a lesser extent with the proportion of the urban population.

Fifty years of imported Lassa fever: a systematic review of primary and secondary cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Wolf ◽  
Regina Ellwanger ◽  
Udo Goetsch ◽  
Nils Wetzstein ◽  
Rene Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Rationale for Systematic Review Lassa fever is the most common cause of imported haemorrhagic fevers cases in non-endemic countries. As a disease with a high case fatality rate that has regularly caused clusters of nosocomial transmission in endemic areas, prompt diagnosis is vital. We conducted a systematic review of imported cases of the last 50 years with the aim of defining the clinical and epidemiological characteristics that will enhance early diagnosis, prompt initiation of treatment and an appropriate public health response to Lassa fever cases. Methods We performed a retrospective, systematic review of 36 primary and two secondary cases of Lassa fever in non-endemic countries outside West Africa by searching the PubMed database. This yielded 56 relevant publications that were included in our analysis. Results The case fatality rate of 35.1% for imported cases was higher than that reported for endemic countries. The majority of patients showed clinical features consistent with Lassa fever and had a typical exposure. There was a considerable delay in diagnosis in imported cases with high associated numbers of contacts. Ribavirin was rarely used for post-exposure prophylaxis. Only two secondary transmissions occurred. Thirty-one percent of patients received Lassa fever-specific treatment and five required intensive care. Conclusions Although importation of Lassa fever to non-endemic countries is a rare event, it has repeatedly happened over five decades. Suspicion of Lassa fever should be based on careful consideration of clinical features and exposure history in order to assist early diagnosis in returning travellers from West Africa.

scholarly journals Burden and Trend of Measles in Nigeria: Five-year Review Case-base Surveillance Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim S. Baffa ◽  
Yahaya Mohammed ◽  
Rabi Usman ◽  
Aisha Abubakar ◽  
Patrick Nguku
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Health Organization

ObjectiveWe reviewed measles specific Integretaged Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) data from Nigeria over a five-year period to highlights its burden and trends, and make recommendations for improvements.IntroductionMeasles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly under-five year children. The disease is caused by a Morbillivirus; member of the Paramyxovirus family.MethodsWe conducted a secondary data analysis of measles specific IDSR records of all States in Nigeria from January 2012 to September 2016. The record had reported measles cases with laboratory outcomes from all the States. IDSR weekly epidemiological data were obtained from Surveillance Unit, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC).ResultsA total of 131,732 cases were recorded within the period. Highest number of cases 57,892(43.95%) were recorded in 2013 while the least number of cases 11,061(8.4%) were recorded in 2012. A total of 817 deaths were recorded, given a case fatality rate (CFR) of 0.62%. The CFR showed a decreasing trend over the years with the highest CFR (1.43%) recorded in 2012 and the least CFR (0.44%) recorded in 2016. Only 8,916 (6.7%) cases were confirmed by laboratory investigation. The Northwest region recorded the highest attack rate (AR) of 149.7 cases per 100,000 population, followed by the Northeast region with 140.2 cases per 100,000 population, while the South-south region recorded the least AR of 15.8 cases per 100,000 population. Case Fatality Rate per region followed similar pattern, with the Northcentral region having the highest CFR of 4.38%. The trend of measles cases followed the same pattern. Cases peaked at March, then gradually reduced to lowest level at June.ConclusionsMeasles infection remains a burden especially in the northern region of Nigeria. Though measles fatalities were on decline over the years, laboratory diagnosis of cases has been suboptimal. We recommended improvement on routine immunization and measles case management, and strengthening of regional laboratories capacity for measles diagnosis.References1. WHO | Measles. WHO [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 10]; Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/2. Akande TM. A review of measles vaccine failure in developing countries. Niger. Med. Pract. SAME Ventures; 2007;52:112–6.3. Ibrahim BS, Gana GJ, Mohammed Y, Bajoga UA, Olufemi AA, Umar AS, et al. Outbreak of measles in Sokoto State North-Western Nigeria, three months after a supplementary immunization campaign: An investigation report 2016. Australas. Med. J. AUSTRALASIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL PTY LTD HILLARYS, GPO BOX 367, PERTH, WA 6923, AUSTRALIA; 2016;9:324–35. 

scholarly journals Identification of spatial variations in COVID-19 epidemiological data using K-Means clustering algorithm: a global perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viswa Chandu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
Cluster 2 ◽  
Country Specific

Background: Discerning spatial variations of COVID-19 through quantitative analysis operating on the geographically designated datasets relating to socio-demographics and epidemiological data facilitate strategy planning in curtailing the transmission of the disease and focus on articulation of necessary interventions in an informed manner. Methods: K-means clustering was employed on the available country-specific COVID-19 epidemiological data and the influential background characteristics. Country-specific case fatality rates and the average number of people tested positive for COVID-19 per every 10,000 population in each country were derived from the WHO COVID-19 situation report 107, and were used for clustering along with the background characteristics of proportion of countrys population aged >65 years and percentage GDP spent as public health expenditure. Results: The algorithm grouped the 89 countries into cluster 1 and Cluster 2 of sizes 54 and 35, respectively. It is apparent that Americas, European countries, and Australia formed a major part of cluster 2 with high COVID-19 case fatality rate, higher proportion of countrys population tested COVID-19 positive, higher percentage of GDP spent as public health expenditure, and greater percentage of population being more than 65 years of age. Conclusion: In spite of the positive correlation between high public health expenditure (%GDP) and COVID-19 incidence, case fatality rate, the immediate task ahead of most of the low and middle income countries is to strengthen their public health systems realizing that the correlation found in this study could be spurious in light of the underreported number of cases and poor death registration.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Refugees, Migrants and Asylum Seekers Living in Camps and Reception and Identification Centers in Greece in the Pre-Vaccination Period, February 2020 to May 2021. Summary of Epidemiological Findings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spiros Sapounas ◽  
Konstantinos Mitrou ◽  
Alexandros Georgios Asimakopoulos ◽  
Garyfallia Antoniou ◽  
Ioanna Papari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Notification Rate

Abstract Background: Protection of refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers living in open hosting camps (HCs) and reception and identification centers (RICs) has been a priority since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We present the epidemiological data of COVID-19 infection in HCs/RICs in Greece from February 2020 to May 2021, before the initiation of the onsite vaccinations.Methods: Case confirmation was performed by rapid antigenic test and/or RT-PCR. Data were retrieved from the National COVID-19 registry. The notification rate by type of accommodation facility, by sex and ethnicity and the mean age of cases, were calculated for HCs, RICs and general population. Data on clinical manifestations, and disease severity (admissions to intensive care unit (ICU) / case fatality rate) were analysed.Results: Of the 397,497 recorded domestic COVID-19 infection cases, 2,609 (0.7%) regarded HCs/RICs; of them 1,566 (60%) were identified in 27 HCs and 1,043 (40%) in six RICs. The notification rate was 542 and 380 cases per 10,000 population in HCs/RICs and the general population, respectively (p-value<0.001).Up to February 2021 the occurrence of cases in HCs/RICs did not follow the occurrence of cases in the general population. After March 2021 the course of the outbreak in HCs/RICs and the general population was similar.The median age of cases in HCs/RICs and the general population was 27 (range:0-81) and 44 (range:0-106), respectively (p<0.001). Twenty-four different ethnicities were reported among migrant cases; 51% were from Afghanistan, 13% from Syria, 6% from Kongo and 5% from Somalia.Overall, 48% and 80% of cases, respectively in HCs/RICs and the general population were symptomatic (p<0.001). Five (0.2%) cases in HCs/RICs were admitted to the ICU compared to 10,426 cases (3.0%) in the general population (p-value <0.001). Case fatality rate was 3% in the general population and 0.08% in HCs/RICs (p-value <0.001).Conclusion: Recorded COVID-19 infections were less severe in migrants living at HCs/RICs than the general population, however, the number of identified cases was high and measures for the prevention of transmission should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Clinical and Epidemiological Data of COVID-19 from Regensburg, Germany – A Retrospective analysis of 1084 consecutive cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt M J Lampl ◽  
Matthias Buczovsky ◽  
Gabriele Martin ◽  
Helen Schmied ◽  
Michael Leitzmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Symptom Duration ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Heart Disease

Abstract Background: COVID-19 is a new syndrome caused by the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. We collected clinical and epidemiologic data in an almost complete cohort of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals from Regensburg, Germany, from March 2020 to May 2020.Methods: Retrospective cohort of consecutive COVID-19 cases recorded between March 7, 2020 and May 24, 2020 as part of an infection control investigation program, with prospective follow-up interviews gathering information on type and duration of symptoms and COVID-19 risk factors until June 26, 2020.Results: Of 1,089 total cases, 1,084 (99.6%) cases were included. The incidence during the time period was 315.4/100,000, lower than in the superordinate government district Oberpfalz (468,5/100,000) and the overall state of Bavaria (359.7/100,000). The case fatality rate was 2.1%. Among fatal cases, the mean age was 74.4 years and 87% presented with known risk factors, most commonly chronic heart disease, chronic lung disease, kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. 897 cases (82,7%) showed at least one symptom, most frequently cough (45%) and fever (41%). Further, 18% of cases suffered from odour/taste disorder. 17% of total cases reported no symptoms. The median duration of general illness was 10 days. During follow-up, 8,9% of 419 interviewed cases reported at least one symptom lasting at least 6 weeks, and fatigue was the most frequent persistent symptom. Discussion: We report data on type and duration of symptoms, and clinical severity of nearly all (99,5%) patients with SARS-CoV-2 recorded from March 2020 to May 2020 in Regensburg. A broad range of symptoms and symptom duration was seen, some of them lasting several weeks. The case fatality rate was 2.1%. Asymptomatic cases may be underrepresented due to the nature of the study.

scholarly journals Characterisation of carried and invasive Neisseria meningitidis isolates in Shanghai, China from 1950 to 2016: implications for serogroup B vaccine implementation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingliang Chen ◽  
Charlene M.C. Rodrigues ◽  
Odile B Harrison ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Tian Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Registry System ◽  
Current Vaccine

AbstractBackgroundSerogroup B invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is increasing in China, little is known however, about these meningococci. This study characterises a collection of isolates associated with IMD and carriage in Shanghai and assesses current vaccine strategies.MethodsIMD epidemiological data in Shanghai from 1950–2016 were obtained from the National Notifiable Diseases Registry System, with 460 isolates collected for analysis including, 169 from IMD and 291 from carriage. Serogroup B meningococcal (MenB) vaccine coverage was evaluated using Bexsero® Antigen Sequence Type (BAST).ResultsSeven IMD epidemic periods have been observed in Shanghai since 1950, with incidence peaking from February to April. Analyses were divided according to the period of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV) introduction: (i) pre-MPV-A, 1965-1980; (ii) post-MPV-A, 1981-2008; and (iii) post-MPV-A+C, 2009-2016. IMD incidence decreased from 55.4/100,000 to 0.71 then to 0.02, and corresponded with shifts from serogroup A ST-5 complex (MenA:cc5) to MenC:cc4821 then MenB:cc4821. MenB IMD became predominant (63.2%) in the post-MPV-A+C period, of which 50% were caused by cc4821, with the highest incidence in infants (0.45/100,000) and a case-fatality rate of 9.5%. IMD was positively correlated with carriage rates. Data indicate that fewer than 25% of MenB isolates in the post-MPV-A+C period may be covered by the vaccines Bexsero®, Trumenba®, or a PorA-based vaccine, NonaMen.ConclusionsA unique IMD epidemiology is found in China, changing periodically from hyperepidemic to low-level endemic disease. MenB IMD now dominates in Shanghai, with isolates harbouring diverse antigenic variants potentially beyond coverage with licenced OMV- and protein-based MenB vaccines.SummaryMeningococcal disease in Shanghai, China is described and current vaccine approaches evaluated. Since 1950, MenA:cc5 shifted to MenC:cc4821 then MenB:cc4821, with MenB dominating since 2009. Distinct antigens potentially beyond coverage with licensed OMV- and protein-based MenB vaccines were found.

scholarly journals Case fatality risk by age from COVID-19 in a high testing setting in Latin America: Chile, March-May, 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Undurraga ◽  
Gerardo Chowell ◽  
Kenji Mizumoto
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Case Fatality Risk

AbstractBackgroundEarly severity estimates of COVID-19 are critically needed to better assess the potential impact of the ongoing pandemic in different socio-demographic groups. Using real-time epidemiological data from Chile, the nation in Latin America with the highest testing rate for COVID-19, we derive delay-adjusted severity estimates by age group as of May 18th, 2020.MethodsWe employed statistical methods and daily series of age-stratified COVID-19 cases and deaths reported in Chile to estimate the delay-adjusted case fatality rate across six age groups.ResultsOur most recent estimates of the time-delay adjusted case fatality rate are 0.08% (95% Credible Interval CrI:0.04-0.13%) among persons aged 0-39, 0.61% (95%CrI:0.41-0.87%) for those aged 40-49, 1.06% (95%CrI:0.76-1.40%) for those aged 50-59, 3.79% (95%CrI:3.04-4.66%) for those aged 60-69, 12.22% (95%CrI:10.40-14.38%) for those aged 70-79, and 26.27% (95%CrI:22.95-2980%) for persons aged 80 and over. The overall time-delay adjusted case fatality rate is1.78% (95%CrI: 1.63-1.95%) across all age groups.ConclusionsSeverity estimates from COVID-19 in Chile indicate a disproportionate impact among seniors, especially among those aged ≥ 70 years. COVID-19 is imposing a high death toll in Latin America. Case fatality rates in Chile suggest the health system is not yet overwhelmed, but the epidemic is expanding fast.

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