scholarly journals Refractive outcomes of table-mounted and hand-held auto-refractometers in children: an observational cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Müjdat Karabulut ◽  
Sinem Karabulut ◽  
Aylin Karalezli
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cylinder Power

Abstract Background To compare the refractive results of hand-held and table-mounted autorefractors. Methods We designed this study as an observational, cross-sectional study. We compared the mean spheric and cylinder power, spherical equivalent, Jackson cross-cylinder values, determined the limits of agreement (LoA), and evaluated the reliability of two autorefractors. Results We evaluated 256 eyes of 256 pediatric patients (mean age, 9.12 ± 2.26 years; range, 5–16 years). 49% of the patients were female, and 51% were male. The Nidek HandyRef-K autorefractor measured relatively more astigmatism (P < 0.001) and less hyperopia (P = 0.024). The mean differences and 95% LoA were 0.06 D ± 0.47 D (− 0.82 D to 0.98 D) in spherical power, 0.08 D ± 0.28 D (− 0.47 D to 0.64 D) in cylindrical power, 0.11 D ± 0.47 D (− 0.81 D to 1.01 D) in spherical equivalent, 0.02 D ± 0.36 D (− 0.73 D to 0.69 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°, 0.005 D ± 0.54 D (− 1.07 D to 1.06 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 45°. We found the difference within 0.50 D in 244 (95%) eyes for spherical power, in 245 (96%) eyes for cylindrical power, 228 (89%) eyes for spherical equivalent, 224 (87%) eyes for Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°, 213 (83%) eyes for Jackson cross-cylinder power at 45°. When comparing devices, there were strong correlations for spherical power (Spearman’s rho = 0.99, P < 0.001), cylindrical power (Spearman’s rho = 0.88, P < 0.001), and spherical equivalent (Spearman’s rho = 0.98, P < 0.001). Conclusion Two autorefractors showed clinically applicable agreement limits; excellent reliability for spherical power and spherical equivalent and good reliability for cylindrical power; high positive percent agreement for spherical and cylindrical power, spherical equivalent, Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°and 45°. These results showed that both devices might be used interchangeably for screening of refractive error in children.

scholarly journals Refractive Outcomes of  Table-Mounted and HandheldAuto-Refractometers in Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
müjdat karab ◽  
sinem karabulut ◽  
Aylin karalezli
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Cylinder Power

Abstract Background: To compare the refractive results of two autorefractors.Methods: We designed this study as an observational, cross-sectional study. We compared the mean spheric and cylinder power, spherical equivalent, Jackson cross-cylinder values, determined the limits of agreement (LoA), and evaluated reliability.Results: Nidek HandyRef-K autorefractor measured more astigmatism and myopia in terms of the mean cylindrical power (P<.001) and spherical equivalent (P=.024). Nidek HandyRef-K showed significantly more myopic results in subgroups with spherical power more than +1.50 Diopters (D) hyperopia and -3.00 D myopia (P=.031; P=.045; P=.026; respectively) and higher astigmatism in the subgroup with the cylindric power less than -1.00 D (P<.001). The mean differences and 95% LoA were 0.06 D ± 0.47 D (-0.82 D to 0.98 D) in spherical power, 0.08 D ± 0.28 D (-0.47 D to 0.64 D) in cylindrical power, 0.11 D ± 0.47 D (-0.81 D to 1.01 D) in spherical equivalent, 0.02 D ± 0.36 D (-0.73 D to 0.69 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 0°, 0.005 D ± 0.54 D (-1.07 D to 1.06 D) in Jackson cross-cylinder power at 45°. There was a strong correlation for spherical power (Spearman’s rho=0.99, P<.001), cylindrical power (Spearman’s rho=0.88, P<.001), spherical equivalent (Spearman’s rho=0.98, P<.001).Conclusion: Nidek HandyRef-K showed more myopic results regarding spherical equivalent and cylindrical power. Nidek HandyRef-K showed significantly more myopia in spherical power more than +1.50 D hyperopia, -3.00 D myopia, and more prominent astigmatism in cylindrical power less than -1.00 D subgroups.

scholarly journals Reference values of the central corneal thickness with different refractive errors for the adult Egyptian population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amr A. Gab-Alla
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Egyptian Population ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: To generate reference values of the central corneal thickness (CCT) with different refractive errors for the adult Egyptian population. Methods: A retrospective, observational, and cross-sectional study of 2200 eyes in 1166 subjects scheduled for LASIK, who came to private refractive eye center, Ismailia, Egypt. The study period was from January 2018 to January 2020. The subjects were divided into a broad range of myopia with spherical equivalent (SE) <-0.5D and hyperopia SE> +0.5D. Then, the myopic eyes divided into low (SE>-3.0D), moderate (SE-3.0D to >-6.0D), and high (SE<-6.0D). Similarly, the hyperopic eyes were divided into low (SE<+3.0 D) and moderate (SE+3.0D to <+6.0D) and high >+6.0D. The refractive error was measured by an auto-refractometer (Topcon, Tokyo Optical Co., Ltd., Japan), and CCT was measured using Sirius (CSO, Florence, Italy). Results: The data of 1100 myopic eyes in 556 subjects (30.5% males and 69.5% females) and 1100 hyperopic eyes in 610 subjects (33.6% males and 66.4% females). The mean+SD of CCT for the total myopic subjects was 531.98+32.92μm, range (406 to 636μm). The mean+SD of SE was -4.1±2.5D, range (-0.5 to -12.0D). The mean+SD of CCT for the total hyperopic subjects was 529±38.8μm, range (448 to 619 μm). The mean+SD of SE was +3.65+1.97D, range (+0.5 to +8.5D).Conclusion: In this study, the mean of CCT of the Egyptian population was 531.9 μm for myopic and 529μm for hyperopic subjects respectively. The myopic and hyperopic subjects show a reduction in CCT with age. Females have a thinner cornea than males, 23.6% of the myopic eyes, and 16.5% of the hyperopic eyes have CCT less than 500μm.

scholarly journals Comparing School-Aged Refraction Measurements Using the 2WIN-S Portable Refractor in Relation to Cycloplegic Retinoscopy: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ziming Liu ◽  
Emmanuel Eric Pazo ◽  
Hong Ye ◽  
Cui Yu ◽  
Ling Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Altman Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bland Altman Analysis ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To assess the repeatability and agreement of refractive measurements using 2WIN-S photoscreening with the gold-standard cycloplegic retinoscope refraction. Design. Single centre, cross-sectional study. Methods. Spherical, cylindrical, axis, and spherical equivalent of 194 bilateral eyes of 97 children were assessed using a retinoscope and 2WIN-S. One week later, another operator repeated the 2WIN-S measurements. The primary outcome measures were to assess the repeatability and agreement between spherical equivalent, J0, and J45 readings of 2WIN-S. The repeatability of measurements was assessed by the within-subject standard deviation (2.77 Sw) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The agreement between devices was assessed using 95% limits of agreement. The extent of the agreement between cycloplegic retinoscopy and noncycloplegic 2WIN-S measurements was assessed using Bland–Altman analysis. Results. The mean age ± SD was 10.3 ± 2.46 year (range, 4–14 years). The sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent measurements were found to be consistent with both apparatus (r value >0.86). ICC for SE, J0, and J45 was 0.900, 0.666, and 0.639, respectively; Sw for SE, J0, and J45 was 0.61D, 0.30D, and 0.31D, respectively; Bland–Altman analysis of retinoscopy with cycloplegia and 2WIN-S for SE was 184/194 (95%) in 95% confidence interval, and the mean value was 0.46. J0 was 184/194 (95%), and the mean value is −0.04. J45 was 181/194 (93%), and the mean value is −0.15. Conclusion. The objective refractive measurement of 2WIN-S had good reliability and high agreement with the gold-standard retinoscopy refraction in children and adolescents. While consistency was observed, it is essential to take into consideration that it is a screening tool.

PENGETAHUAN PERAWAT GIGI TENTANG METODE STERILISASI DENGAN PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI SILANG DI POLI GIGI PUSKESMAS RANOTANA WERU DI KOTA MANADO

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Jean Henry Raule
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho

Dalam Praktek pelayanan Kesehatan prinsip Sterilisasi merupakan hal yang mutlak di lakukan, Sterilisasi merupakan rangkaian suatu proses yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan semua bentuk kehidupan mikro Organisme (bakteri, jamur, parasit, dan virus termasuk spora). Perawat gigi berkewajiban menghindari atau mencegah infeksi silang dalam prakteknya dengan cara melakukan sterilisasi pada alat kesehatan gigi dengan tepat dengan benar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan pengetahuan perawat gigi tentang metode sterilisasi dengan pencegahan infeksi silang di poli gigi puskesmas di kota Manado. Metode penelitian ini adalah Survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional study dimana data dikumpulkan dalam waktu bersamaan. Populasi penelitian pada perawat gigi yang bekerja di 7 puskesmas yang berjumlah 16 orang, sampel yang diambil yaitu total populasi. Alat ukur menggunakan kuesioner pengetahuan dan lembar checklist  tindakan.  Hasil uji correlation spearman’s rho  pada taraf  signifikansi pemaknaan 99% (α = 0.01), diperoleh nilai (p) = 0.001 (0.001 < α 0.01) yang artinya terdapat hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan tentang metode sterilisasi dengan pencegahan infeksi silang, dengan koefisien korelasi 0.741 yang mempunyai kekuatan hubungan yang kuat.  Kolerasi antara variable ini berada pada arah korelasi positif, dimana semakin tinggi pengetahuan tentang sterilisasi semakin baik juga tindakan pencegahan infeksi silang.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN BURNOUT DAN KELUHAN NYERI MUSKULOSKELETAL PADA MAHASISWA PROFESI NERS DI UNIVERSITAS KLABAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
James Richard Maramis ◽  
Claudia Priscilla Kandowangko
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Body Map

Mahasiswa perawat rentan mengalami keadaan lelah baik emosional, psikologi dan fisik yang dirasakan akibat melakukan aktivitas ataupun tuntutan praktik yang dilakukan secara berulang-ulang dan dalam waktu yang lama. Keluhan nyeri muskuloskeletal merupakan salah satu gejala yang terjadi pada gangguan musculoskeletal (MSDs). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan antara burnout dan keluhan nyeri musculoskeletal pada mahasiswa profesi ners di Universitas Klabat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah deskriptif correlation dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional study dan menggunakan rumus Spearman's rho, proses pengambilan sampel dalam penelitan ini adalah menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner burnout dengan kuesioner Nordic Body Map yang diberikan kepada 127 mahasiswa profesi ners di Universitas Klabat, Didapati pada umumnya sebanyak 109 mahasiswa (85,8%) memiliki tingkat burnout sedang, dan 100 mahasiswa (78,7%) merasakan keluhan musculoskeletal ringan. Daerah tubuh yang paling banyak dikeluhkan ialah di punggung dengan jumlah nilai sebanyak 273 Sedangkan hasil uji statistic antara burnout dengan keluhan nyeri musculoskeletal menunjukkan  nilai p=0,000<0,05, dengan demikian ada hubungan antara burnout dengan keluhan nyeri musculoskeletal. Nilai r=0,337 yang menunjukkan arah korelasi positif antara dua variabel atau searah. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat meneliti pengaruh rutinitas kegiatan tertentu dan postur tubuh yang dilakukan oleh perawat ketika bekerja terhadap keluhan MSD-nya, dan juga agar mencari tahu hubungannya dengan keluhan-keluhan MSD yang dirasakan responden lebih dari tujuh hari.  Kata kunci : Burnout, keluhan nyeri musculoskeletal, Nordic Body Map

scholarly journals Epidemiology and associated factors of polypharmacy in older patients in primary care: a northern Italian cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Piccoliori ◽  
Angelika Mahlknecht ◽  
Marco Sandri ◽  
Martina Valentini ◽  
Anna Vögele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Rct ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho

Abstract Background A precondition for developing strategies to reduce polypharmacy and its well-known harmful consequences is to study its epidemiology and associated factors. The objective of this study was to analyse the prevalence of polypharmacy (defined as ≥8 prescribed drugs), of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and major drug-drug interactions (DDIs) among community-dwelling general practice patients aged ≥75 years and to identify characteristics being associated with polypharmacy. Methods This cross-sectional study is derived from baseline data (patients’ demographic/biometric characteristics, diagnoses, medication-related data, cognitive/affective status, quality of life) of a northern-Italian cluster-RCT. PIMs and DDIs were assessed using the 2012 Beers criteria and the Lexi-Interact® database. Data were analysed using descriptive methods, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, Fisher’s exact tests and Spearman correlations. Results Of the eligible patients aged 75+, 13.4% were on therapy with ≥8 drugs. Forty-three general practitioners and 579 patients participated in the study. Forty five point nine percent of patients were treated with ≥1 Beers-listed drugs. The most frequent PIMs were benzodiazepines/hypnotics (19.7% of patients) and NSAIDs (6.6%). Sixty seven point five percent of patients were exposed to ≥1 major DDI, 35.2% to ≥2 major DDIs. Antithrombotic/anticoagulant medications (30.4%) and antidepressants/antipsychotics (23.1%) were the most frequently interacting drugs. Polypharmacy was significantly associated with a higher number of major DDIs (Spearman’s rho 0.33, p < 0.001) and chronic conditions (Spearman’s rho 0.20, p < 0.001), higher 5-GDS scores (thus, lower affective status) (Spearman’s rho 0.12, p = 0.003) and lower EQ-5D-5L scores (thus, lower quality of life) (Spearman’s rho − 0.14, p = 0.001). Patients’ age/sex, 6-CIT scores (cognitive status), BMI or PIM use were not correlated with the number of drugs. Conclusions The prevalence of polypharmacy, PIMs and major DDIs was considerable. Results indicate that physicians should particularly observe their patients with multiple conditions, reduced health and affective status, independently from other patients’ characteristics. Careful attention about indication, benefit and potential risk should be paid especially to patients on therapy with specific drug classes identified as potentially inappropriate or prone to major DDIs in older persons (e.g., benzodiazepines, NSAIDs, protonic pump inhibitors, antithrombotics/anticoagulants, antidepressants/antipsychotics). Trial registration The cluster-RCT on which this cross-sectional analysis is based was registered with Current Controlled Trials Ltd. (ID ISRCTN: 38449870) on 2013-09-11.

scholarly journals ADULT MYOPES

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1660-1666
Author(s):  
NuhaMohamed Fath Elrahman ◽  
AbdElaziz Mohamed Elmadina ◽  
Manzoor Ahmad Qureshi ◽  
Adil Mousa Younis ◽  
Muhammad Ijaz Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Corneal Curvature ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the correlation of central cornealthicknesses (CCT), mean keratometry (KM) and axial length (AL) to myopia degree in sphericalequivalent (SE) among Sudanese adults. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting:University Eye complex clinic and Makka Eye complex Omdurman. Period: April to October2015. Methods: Central Corneal Thickness (CCT), k-reading (KM), axial length and thedegree of refraction (SE) 0f 200 myopic eyes and 60 emmetropic eyes as a control groupwere measured. Results: Adult Sudanese females (57%) were found greater than males (43%)population; (χ 2 = 109.5, p = 0.000 ), most of the participants’ age was less than 25 years(χ 2 = 109.5, p = 0.000 ), and the mean myopic spherical equivalent (SE) was – 4.79 ± 2.55 D,ranging from -1.00 to -11.00 D. The mean CCT of the myopic group was 542.8 ±11.9 μm,while for the emmetropic group was 538.7 ±12.4 μm. The cornea were steeper in eyes withlonger axial length (r = 0.24, p =0.001). Eyes with higher myopic spherical equivalent hadlonger axial length (r =0.30, p <0.001). Mean keratometrys were steeper with increasing age(r= 0.24, p= 0.001). This study has shown that CCT has no correlation with degree of myopia(p= 0.46), gender (p= 0.99), and age (p= 0.07). The CCT, KM, and AL means for myopicparticipants were found significantly greater than emmetropic participants (p=0.000, 0.000,and 0.044 respectively. Conclusion: The females participants of myopia were higher rate thanmales, early adults’ age group were of higher rate myopic incident; there was no correlationbetween CCT and the degree of myopia, gender, and age. CCT, KM, and AL means for myopicwere found higher than emmetropic participant. Eyes with more myopic spherical equivalenthad longer axial length; corneal curvature mean becomes steeper with increasing age.

scholarly journals Hubungan onset to door time respons dengan clinical outcomes pada pasien CVA Iskemik

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Leo Yosdimyati Romli ◽  
Ucik Indrawati
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho

Banyak upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengurangi keterlambatan masuk rumah sakit pada pasien dengan stroke, kedatangan di rumah sakit lebih awal dapat meningkatkan hasil fungsional dan mengurangi kematian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan onset to door time respons dengan clinical outcomes pada pasien CVA iskemik. Desain penelitian ini yaitu cross sectional study dengan populasi semua penderita CVA Iskemik di Ruang Flamboyan RSUD Jombang dan jumlah sampel sebanyak 45 responden yang diambil dengan consecutive sampling. Variabel penelitian ini adalah onset to door time respons dan clinical outcomes. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan peneliti melakukan observasi dan pengukuran pada variabel onset to door time respons dan clinical outcomes. Analisis data hasil penelitian dilakukan dengan uji Korelasi Spearman’s rho. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian kecil (20%) responden memiliki onset to door time respons dengan clinical outcomes membaik dan sebagian kecil (17,8%) responden memiliki onset to door time respons dengan clinical outcomes memburuk. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa sig. (2-tailed) = 0,001 < 0,05 maka artinya ada hubungan onset to door time respons dengan clinical outcomes. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah onset to door time respons berhubungan dengan clinical outcomes pada pasien CVA Iskemik. Penanganan onset to door time respons merupakan faktor yang sangat penting yang berpegaruh pada clinical outcomes pada pasien CVA Iskemik.

Comparison of Heffner Criteria and Light Criteria in Differentiating Exudative and Transudative Pleural Effusion

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Krishna Chandra Devkota ◽  
S Hamal ◽  
PP Panta
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exudative Pleural Effusion

Pleural effusion is present when there is >15ml of fluid is accumulated in the pleural space. It can be divided into two types; exudative and transudative pleural effusion. Tuberculosis and parapneumonic effusion are the common cause of exudative pleural effusion whereas heart failure accounts for most of the cases of transudative pleural effusion. This study was a hospital based cross sectional study performed at Nepal Medical College during the period of January 2016-December 2016. A total of 50 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Pleural effusion was confirmed by clinical examination and radiology. After confirmation of pleural effusion, pleural fluid was aspirated and was analysed for protein, LDH, cholesterol. The Heffner criteria was compared with Light criteria to classify exudative or transudative pleural effusion. Among 50 patients, 30 were male and 20 were female. The mean age of patient was 45.4±21.85 years. The sensitivity and specificity of using Light criteria to detect the two type of pleural effusion was 100% and 90.9%, whereas using Heffner criteria was 94.87%, 100% respectively(P<0.01). There are variety of causes for development of pleural effusion and no one criteria is definite to differentiate between exudative or transudative effusion. In this study Light criteria was more sensitive whereas Heffner criteria was more specific to classify exudative pleural effusion. Hence a combination of criteria might be useful in case where there is difficulty to identify the cause of pleural effusion.

Effect of Medialization of the Trochlear Groove and Lateralization of the Tibial Tubercle on TT-TG Distance: A Cross-sectional Study of Dysplastic and Nondysplastic Knees

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652098781
Author(s):  
Mathias Paiva ◽  
Lars Blønd ◽  
Per Hölmich ◽  
Kristoffer Weisskirchner Barfod
Keyword(s):  
Trochlear Dysplasia ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Tibial Tubercle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trochlear Groove ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

Background: Tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance is often used as a measure of lateralization of the TT and is important for surgical planning. Purpose: To investigate if increased TT-TG distance measured on axial magnetic resonance images is due to lateralization of the TT or medialization of the TG. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 84 knees (28 normal [NK], 28 with trochlear dysplasia [TD], and 28 with patellar dislocation without TD [PD]) were examined. The medial border of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) was chosen as the central anatomic landmark. The distance from the TT to PCL (TT-PCL) was measured to examine the lateralization of the TT. The distance from the TG to the PCL (TG-PCL) was measured to examine the medialization of the TG. Between-group differences were investigated by use of 1-way analysis of variance. Results: The mean values for TT-TG distance were 8.7 ± 3.6 mm for NK, 12.1 ± 6.0 mm for PD, and 16.7 ± 4.3 mm in the TD group ( P < .01). The mean values for TT-PCL distance were 18.5 ± 3.6 mm for NK, 18.5 ± 4.5 mm for PD, and 21.2 ± 4.2 mm in the TD group ( P = .03). The mean values for TG-PCL distance were 9.6 ± 3.0 mm for NK, 7.1 ± 3.4 mm for PD, and 5.1 ± 3.3 mm in the dysplastic group ( P < .01). Conclusion: The present results indicate that increased TT-TG distance is due to medialization of the TG and not lateralization of the TT. Knees with TD had increased TT-TG distance compared with the knees of the control group and the knees with PD. The TT-PCL distance did not differ significantly between groups, whereas the TG-PCL distance declined with increased TT-TG.

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