scholarly journals Prevalence of urinary iodine concentration among school children: in Dessie City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birtukan Shiferaw Ayalew ◽  
Seid Legesse Hassen ◽  
Tefera Alemu Marefiyaw ◽  
Mohammed Seid Yesuf ◽  
Daniel Dagne Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Urinary iodine is recommended by the world health organization as the main indicator to assess iodine status in a population. Despite this recommendation little is known about urinary iodine concentration in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of urinary iodine concentration among school-aged children. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the level of urinary iodine from April to June 2019 and a systematic random sampling technique was applied to select study participants. Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using a pretested structured questionnaire and the laboratory method by Sandell–Kolthoff reaction method was used. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi data version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Result A total of 634 study participants were enrolled in the study with a median age of 12 years (±SD = 2.0). The majority of the children were females (55.4%) and more than half of respondents report the use of iodized salt always. Median urinary iodine concentration was 158.5 μg/L (±SD = 104.1) with minimum and maximum values of 5.1 μg/L and 528.8 μg/L, respectively. The overall iodine deficiency in this study was 18.6% and severe deficiency constituted 7.4%. Conclusions The iodine deficiency of the school children aged 6 to 14 in the present study was 18.6% indicating high prevalence. A high proportion of iodine deficiency was observed among females and it increases as age increases. This indicates the need for an additional strategy to control iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Randomized clinical trial comparing different iodine interventions in school children

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkou Zhao ◽  
Fujie Xu ◽  
Qinlan Zhang ◽  
Li Shang ◽  
Aixiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Iodized Oil ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this trial was to compare three different iodine interventions.DesignSchool children aged 8–10 years were randomized into one of three groups: group A was provided with iodized salt by researchers with an iodine concentration of 25 ppm; group B purchased iodized salt from the market; and group C was similar to group B with the exception that they were given iodized oil capsules containing 400 mg iodine at the beginning of the study. Salt iodine content was measured bimonthly for 18 months and indicators of iodine deficiency were measured at baseline and 6, 9, 12 and 18 months after randomization.ResultsThe prevalence of abnormal thyroid volumes, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) body surface area reference > 97th percentile, was 18% at baseline and declined to less than 5% by 12 months in groups A and C, and to 9% after 18 months in group B. Results for goitre by palpation were similar. The median urinary iodine was 94 μgl−1 at baseline and increased in all groups to > 200 μgl−1 at the 6-month follow-up.ConclusionsIn this population of school children with initially a low to moderate level of iodine deficiency, the group receiving salt with 25 ppm (group A) was not iodine deficient on all indicators after 18 months of study. When the iodine content of the salt varied, such as in group B, by 18 months thyroid sizes had not yet achieved normal status.

scholarly journals Geographical influences on thyroid abnormalities in adult population from iodine-replete regions: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Zhe Mo ◽  
Guangming Mao ◽  
Wenming Zhu ◽  
Mingluan Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Thyroid Abnormalities

AbstractThe studies on the increasing incidence of thyroid abnormalities are scarce. The aim of this current study was to ascertain the effects of geographical region on thyroid abnormalities under the context of universal salt iodization (USI). We randomly selected 1255 participants residing in inland and 1248 in coast, with the determination of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and functional and morphological abnormalities of thyroid gland. The median UIC was significantly higher for the inland participants (188.5 μg/L) than the coastal participants (128.5 μg/L; p < 0.001), indicating iodine sufficiency in both populations according to the recommended assessment criteria by the World Health Organization. However, the spectrum of thyroid abnormalities varied between regions, with hypothyroidism prevalent in inland and thyroid nodules in coast. The associations between region and thyroid abnormalities via binary logistic regression models showed that the coastal participants were at a higher risk of total thyroid abnormalities than those from the inland (OR 1.216, 95% CI 1.020–1.449), after the adjustment of ten confounders (demographical characteristics, smoking status, metabolism syndrome, and hyperuricemia). These results indicated that further investigations of the adverse effects of hypothyroidism and thyroid nodules on health burden is urgently needed to sustain USI program.

scholarly journals Determination of Thyroid Volume by Ultrasonography among Schoolchildren in Philippines

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bu Kyung Kim ◽  
Young Sik Choi ◽  
Chul Ho Oak ◽  
Yo-Han Park ◽  
Jae Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Logistic Issue ◽  
Reported Data

Objective. Iodine deficiency is defined by the goiter and the urinary iodine concentration. However, a lack of local thyroid volume reference data resulted in the vague definition of goiter, especially in school-aged children. The aim of this paper was to determine the thyroid volumes by ultrasonography in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years living in Cagayan areas in Philippine.Methods. Cross-sectional thyroid ultrasonographic data of 158 schoolchildren aged 6–12 years from Tuguegarao and Lagum in Cagayan valley, Philippine were used. Thyroid volumes were compared based on logistic issue and urban and rural area and compared with other previously reported data.Results. The mean values of thyroid volume in Tuguerago and Lagum were2.99±1.34 mL and2.42±0.92 mL. The thyroid size was significantly in association with age (P<0.00), weight (P<0.00), height (P<0.00), and BSA (P<0.00) by Pearson’s correlation. The median thyroid volumes of schoolchildren investigated in this study were generally low compared to international reference data by age group but not by BSA.Conclusions. We propose for the first time local reference ultrasound values for thyroid volumes in 6–12 aged schoolchildren that should be used for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders.

Severe Iodine Deficiency in Southern Albania

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimmermann ◽  
Bridson ◽  
Bozo ◽  
Grimci ◽  
Selimaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

Albania does not yet have a national program for control of iodine deficiency and there are no recent data on the severity of the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in the country. The aim of the present study was to assess current IDD status in southern Albania. In primary school children in urban and rural areas urinary iodine concentration (UI) and iodine concentration in salt at retail and household levels was measured. Goiter was graded by palpation and thyroid volume determined by ultrasound. Children aged 5–14 yr (n = 826) were sampled at 2 urban and 5 rural primary schools. In the 2 urban schools, the median UI was 45 mug/L, the goiter prevalence was 32%, and salt iodine levels were inadequate (< 15 mug/g) in 78% of household salt samples. In the rural schools, the median UI was 17 mug/L, the goiter prevalence was 95%, and no household salt samples were adequately iodized. Among children in the rural schools, 73% had grade 2 goiter and 20% had nodular changes detected by thyroid ultrasound. In southern Albania, school children in urban areas are moderately iodine deficient and those in rural villages are severely iodine deficient. These findings suggest that regional distribution of oral iodized oil capsules is indicated to control IDD in vulnerable groups until salt iodization is implemented.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition among the adult population of the Faroe Islands – a population-based study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Herborg Líggjasardóttir Johannesen ◽  
Gunnar Sjúrðarson Knudsen ◽  
Stig Andersen ◽  
Pál Weihe ◽  
Anna Sofía Veyhe
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Faroe Islands ◽  
Iodine Nutrition

Abstract The World Health Organization recommends monitoring iodine status in all populations with median urinary iodine concentration below 100 µg/L suggesting iodine deficiency. There are no data on the iodine intake among the population of the Faroe Islands. This study aimed to provide data on iodine nutrition in a representative sample of the general adult population from the Faroe Islands. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in 2011-2012 and measured iodine in urine from 491 participants (294/197 men/women) using the ceri/arsen method after alkaline ashing. Participants include around 100 subjects in each of four adult decades and included participants from both the capital city and villages. The median urinary iodine concentration was low within the recommended range 101 µg/L (range 21-1870 µg/L). No samples were in the range suggesting severe iodine deficiency, but half of the samples were in the range of just adequate or mildly insufficient iodine intake with urinary iodine concentration markedly lower in women than in men (86 versus 115 µg/L; P<0·001). Intake of fish and whale meals affected the urinary iodine concentrations. In conclusion, nearly half of the population had an iodine excretion in the range of borderline or mild iodine deficiency. The lowest iodine nutrition level among Faroese women is a concern as it may extend to pregnancy with increased demands on iodine nutrition. In addition, we found large variations and the intermittently excessive iodine intakes warrants follow-up on thyroid function in the population of the Faroe Islands.

scholarly journals Prevalence of goiter and iodine status among 6-12 years school age children in district Kohat, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazli Subhan ◽  
Muhammad Jahangir ◽  
Saira Saira ◽  
Rehman Mehmood Khattak ◽  
Muhammad Shahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Mountainous Regions

Pakistan is considered to be one of the most severely iodine deficient countries in the region. A decade earlier, 70% of the population was estimated to be at risk of iodine deficiency. However, the recent use of iodized salt has reduced the intensity of the problem. Earlier studies regarding iodine deficiency in Pakistan were restricted to the northern mountainous regions, but have now been extended to the sub-Himalaya areas and the plains of Punjab. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of goiter and iodine status among school children in district Kohat, Pakistan. The 30 cluster approach was adopted for the study. From each cluster, 40 samples were collected from school going children. The palpation method was used to measure goiter grade, whereas, for urinary iodine estimation, the wet digestion method was used. The prevalence of goiter in the district was found to be 35% (37.16% in boys and 33% in girls). The median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 56±31.19?g/L. Estimation of iodine content in salt illustrated that 56.8% people were consuming non-iodized salt and 43.5% were using iodized salt. The current study suggests a severe iodine deficiency in school children of district Kohat and regular iodine supplementation is required on an instant basis.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.4(2) 2014: 42-46

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency in Latvia: Current Status and Need for National Recommendations

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
Ilze Konrāde ◽  
Ieva Kalere ◽  
Ieva Strēle ◽  
Marina Makrecka-Kūka ◽  
Vija Veisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract In the absence of a mandatory salt iodisation programme, two nationwide cross-sectional cluster surveys revealed persisting iodine deficiency among Latvian schoolchildren during the spring season and a noteworthy iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia; these deficiencies warrant intervention. The consequences of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation can adversely affect foetal brain development. Data from a Latvian population survey revealed the consumption of approximately 100 μg of iodine per day through foods and iodised salt. Therefore, strategies to increase the consumption of iodine-containing products should be implemented, particularly for children. In addition, to meet the increased iodine requirement during pregnancy, pregnant women should take daily supplements containing 150 μg iodine from the earliest time possible. All women of childbearing age should be advised to increase their dietary iodine intake by using iodised table salt and iodine-rich products: seafood, milk and milk products. For women with pre-existing thyroid pathologies, the medical decision should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Urinary iodine concentration monitoring among schoolchildren and pregnant women and neonatal thyrotropin registry analysis every five years would be an appropriate strategy for maintaining iodine intake within the interval that prevents iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals Thyroid volumes and urinary iodine in Swiss school children, 17 years after improved prophylaxis of iodine deficiency

1999 ◽  
pp. 104-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Burgi ◽  
L Portmann ◽  
J Podoba ◽  
F Vertongen ◽  
M Srbecky
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Imported Food ◽  
The City

Salt iodine content in Switzerland was raised from 7.5 to 15 mg per kg in 1980, and since then dietary iodine intake has been considered to be sufficient, even though a slight decrease due to imported food has recently been reported. The aim of this study was to establish normal values for thyroid volumes of school children who can be assumed to have had a sufficient iodine intake all their lifetime. Moreover. the present investigation was undertaken to verify that iodine sufficiency had been achieved equally in two regions each served by one of the two Swiss salt producers. Mean iodine concentration in urine spot samples from school children was 16.1 microg/dl, and it was identical in both the city of Lausanne (n=215) and the city of Solothurn (n=208). Thus it can be stated that in both cities (served by two different salt producers) iodine intake is equal and sufficient. Accordingly, thyroid volumes measured by ultrasound in school children aged 6 to 16 years were the same in both Lausanne (n=202) and Solothurn (n=207). Moreover, the age-adjusted median volumes at the 97th percentiles closely agree with and validate provisional international reference values recently proposed by the World Health Organisation and by the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disease.

scholarly journals Iodine status of school age children in the two hilly districts Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
AK Nepal ◽  
S Gautam ◽  
S Khatiwada ◽  
PR Shakya ◽  
B Gelal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
School Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Background: Iodine deficiency remains a significant health problem in developing countries, including Nepal.   Objective: This study was conducted to measure the iodine status of school children in two districts Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal by estimating median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) as a population parameter in the school children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2010 to July 2011 in school children (6-12 years of age) of two hilly districts of Eastern Nepal, Dhankuta and Tehrathum. A total of 154 school age children from the two districts were chosen for the study after obtaining written consent from their guardians and school authority. UIC was estimated in these school children by ammonium persulphate digestion microplate method. Results: Among the school age children selected for the study median inter-quartile range (IQR) of urinary iodine in Dhankuta (n=63) and Tehrathum (n=91) districts were 214.04 (126.44; 323.0) μg/L and 252.34 (161.81; 301.63) μg/L. No significant differences were observed between the median UIC of these two districts (p=0.235). Among the school children in Dhankuta districts 2(3.2%) were severely deficient, 4(6.3%) were moderately deficient and 6(9.5%) were mildly deficient. In Tehrathum district 2(2.2%) were moderately deficient and 5(5.5%) were mildly deficient. Conclusion: The present study showed improved iodine status with optimal levels of median urinary iodine concentration in the two districts, Dhankuta and Tehrathum of Eastern Nepal. Regular monitoring of population median urinary iodine concentration is recommended for sustainable optimal iodine nutrition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/stcj.v1i1.7986 Sunsari Technical College Journal Vol.1(1) 2012 38-41

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