Severe Iodine Deficiency in Southern Albania

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimmermann ◽  
Bridson ◽  
Bozo ◽  
Grimci ◽  
Selimaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

Albania does not yet have a national program for control of iodine deficiency and there are no recent data on the severity of the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in the country. The aim of the present study was to assess current IDD status in southern Albania. In primary school children in urban and rural areas urinary iodine concentration (UI) and iodine concentration in salt at retail and household levels was measured. Goiter was graded by palpation and thyroid volume determined by ultrasound. Children aged 5–14 yr (n = 826) were sampled at 2 urban and 5 rural primary schools. In the 2 urban schools, the median UI was 45 mug/L, the goiter prevalence was 32%, and salt iodine levels were inadequate (< 15 mug/g) in 78% of household salt samples. In the rural schools, the median UI was 17 mug/L, the goiter prevalence was 95%, and no household salt samples were adequately iodized. Among children in the rural schools, 73% had grade 2 goiter and 20% had nodular changes detected by thyroid ultrasound. In southern Albania, school children in urban areas are moderately iodine deficient and those in rural villages are severely iodine deficient. These findings suggest that regional distribution of oral iodized oil capsules is indicated to control IDD in vulnerable groups until salt iodization is implemented.

scholarly journals Salt Iodization and Urinary Iodine Concentration Levels among Primary School Children in Mt. Elgon Sub-County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Stephen N. Onteri ◽  
Anselimo O. Makokha ◽  
Beatrice Nyanchama Kiage Mokua ◽  
Philip Ndemwa
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
The Impact

Aims: Iodine plays a key role in thyroid hormone production and functioning. Inadequate iodine intake results in iodine deficiency (ID) which impairs the normal functioning of the thyroid. The deficiency is responsible for damage to brain development, growth retardation, cretinism, and thyroid dysfunction. Millions of people have been condemned to a life of few prospects and continued underdevelopment due to ID. The study was conducted to assess iodine status among primary school children in the Mt. Elgon region and the impact of salt iodization on this status. Study Design:  A school-based cross-sectional descriptive study to assess iodine status among primary school children was employed in the study. Study Area and Duration: The study was carried out in Kenya, Bungoma County, Mount Elgon Sub-County. The study period was between 27th November 2018 and 26th November 2019. Methodology: Healthy primary school children aged 6 to 12 years who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Spot urine samples were collected in schools, while water samples were collected from different water sources. Salt was collected from households (HH) and at distribution outlets. The Sandell Kolthoff reaction was used to analyse urine and water samples while salt was analysed using iodometric titration. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 200.7 µg/l. Out of which 0.55% were severely deficient, 5.25% moderately deficient, 18.23% with a mild deficiency, 25.69% had adequate iodine levels, 22.38% had more than adequate, and 27.90% had excess iodine levels. Household and salt samples from different distribution outlets that conformed to set standards of iodization were 49.4% and 63.64%, respectively. Iodine was not detected in all the water samples collected. Conclusion: The study population was found to have adequate iodine based on the median UIC of 200.7 µg/l. However, there was a coexistence of both deficiency and excessive UIC and salt iodization within the population. No iodine was detected in the water samples in the region.

scholarly journals Silent iodine prophylaxis in Western Europe only partly corrects iodine deficiency; the case of Belgium

2000 ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Delange ◽  
A Van Onderbergen ◽  
W Shabana ◽  
E Vandemeulebroucke ◽  
F Vertongen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Iodine Prophylaxis ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
The Status

OBJECTIVE: Belgium is one of the Western European countries in which no program of iodine-deficiency correction using iodized salt has been implemented, in spite of well-documented mild iodine deficiency. In 1995, the median urinary iodine concentration was 55 microg/l (normal: 100-200) and the prevalence of goiter was 11% (normal: below 5%) in representative samples of schoolchildren aged 6-12 years. Based on these results, the authors of the present study and others had emphasized to health professionals and to the public the necessity for iodine supplementation. The objective of this study was to evaluate as to whether these efforts had resulted in an improvement in the status of iodine nutrition. DESIGN: We performed a national survey of the status of iodine nutrition in Belgium based on the determination of thyroid volume, obtained by ultrasonography, and urinary iodine concentrations in schoolchildren. METHODS: A mobile van equipped with an ultrasound instrument, a computer and a deep-freeze visited 23 schools selected from across the country. The sample included 2855 schoolchildren (1365 boys and 1490 girls) aged 6-12 years. RESULTS: The results show a homogeneous situation in the whole country, with a median urinary iodine concentration of 80 microg/l and a goiter prevalence of 5.7%. Urinary iodine slightly decreases with age in girls and reaches a critical value of 59 microg/l at the age of 12 years, together with a goiter prevalence of 18.4%. CONCLUSION: Iodine nutrition has improved slightly in Belgium but mild iodine deficiency continues, with public-health consequences. The improvement indicates silent iodine prophylaxis, as no official salt-iodization measures have been taken. Silent iodine prophylaxis only partly corrects iodine deficiency in Western Europe. Active measures, including the implementation of a program of salt iodization, are urgently required.

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency and Goiter Prevalence of the Adult Population in Erzurum

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersin Akarsu ◽  
Güngör Akçay ◽  
Ilyas Çapoğlu ◽  
Necdet Ünüvar
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Etiologic Factor ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Goiter Prevalence

It is believed that total goiter prevalence in Turkey is as high as 30.5%. The iodine deficiency is the distinct etiologic factor in the development of goiter. The aim of this study was to determine goiter prevalence and iodine deficiency in adults living in Erzurum (1659 m above sea level) for at least 10 year. The study involved 340 people (192 females, 148 males). The median age was 38.5 year (ranging from 20 to 76 years). Ultrasound-measured thyroid volume (TV) for men (TV > 25 ml) and for women (TV > 18 ml) was considered goiter indicator. By this evaluation, goiter was diagnosed in 94 (27.6 %) cases, whereas the goiter prevalence, based on the palpation method, was 5.6%. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by ammonium persulfate method. UIC in subjects with goiter was significantly lower than that of the others (median values 5.0 vs 7.8 μg/dl, p < 0.0001). While the value of UIC ≥ 10 μg/dl (no. 121, 36.6%) was accepted normal, the extent of iodine deficiency in other subjects was classified as severe (UIC < 2.0 μg/dl, no.53, 15.6%), moderate (UIC = 2.0–4.9 μg/dl, no.75, 22%) and mild (UIC = 5.0–9.9 μg/dl, no.91, 26.8%). TV values were found to be significantly different among the four groups (p < 0.05). TV values were significantly correlated with body surface area and UIC (r = 0.15 and r = -0.16, respectively, p < 0.005). Also, the prevalence of thyroid nodules was estimated as 2.1% by palpation and 18% by ultrasonography. We conclude that goiter originating from iodine deficiency has been an important health problem in Erzurum. Besides taking measures at national level, local factors and risks which interfere with the nationwide efforts should also be dealt with for the eradication of the iodine deficiency problem. In the region, periodical evaluation of iodine level and iodine related disorders will guide the measures to be taken for the well being of people’s general health.

scholarly journals Prevalence of urinary iodine concentration among school children: in Dessie City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birtukan Shiferaw Ayalew ◽  
Seid Legesse Hassen ◽  
Tefera Alemu Marefiyaw ◽  
Mohammed Seid Yesuf ◽  
Daniel Dagne Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Urinary iodine is recommended by the world health organization as the main indicator to assess iodine status in a population. Despite this recommendation little is known about urinary iodine concentration in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of urinary iodine concentration among school-aged children. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the level of urinary iodine from April to June 2019 and a systematic random sampling technique was applied to select study participants. Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using a pretested structured questionnaire and the laboratory method by Sandell–Kolthoff reaction method was used. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi data version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Result A total of 634 study participants were enrolled in the study with a median age of 12 years (±SD = 2.0). The majority of the children were females (55.4%) and more than half of respondents report the use of iodized salt always. Median urinary iodine concentration was 158.5 μg/L (±SD = 104.1) with minimum and maximum values of 5.1 μg/L and 528.8 μg/L, respectively. The overall iodine deficiency in this study was 18.6% and severe deficiency constituted 7.4%. Conclusions The iodine deficiency of the school children aged 6 to 14 in the present study was 18.6% indicating high prevalence. A high proportion of iodine deficiency was observed among females and it increases as age increases. This indicates the need for an additional strategy to control iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Prevalence of goiter and iodine status among 6-12 years school age children in district Kohat, Pakistan

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazli Subhan ◽  
Muhammad Jahangir ◽  
Saira Saira ◽  
Rehman Mehmood Khattak ◽  
Muhammad Shahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Mountainous Regions

Pakistan is considered to be one of the most severely iodine deficient countries in the region. A decade earlier, 70% of the population was estimated to be at risk of iodine deficiency. However, the recent use of iodized salt has reduced the intensity of the problem. Earlier studies regarding iodine deficiency in Pakistan were restricted to the northern mountainous regions, but have now been extended to the sub-Himalaya areas and the plains of Punjab. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of goiter and iodine status among school children in district Kohat, Pakistan. The 30 cluster approach was adopted for the study. From each cluster, 40 samples were collected from school going children. The palpation method was used to measure goiter grade, whereas, for urinary iodine estimation, the wet digestion method was used. The prevalence of goiter in the district was found to be 35% (37.16% in boys and 33% in girls). The median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 56±31.19?g/L. Estimation of iodine content in salt illustrated that 56.8% people were consuming non-iodized salt and 43.5% were using iodized salt. The current study suggests a severe iodine deficiency in school children of district Kohat and regular iodine supplementation is required on an instant basis.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.4(2) 2014: 42-46

Increased oxidative stress parameters in children with moderate iodine deficiency

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huseyin Kurku ◽  
Ali Gencer ◽  
Ozgur Pirgon ◽  
Muammer Buyukinan ◽  
Nagehan Aslan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Systemic Oxidative Stress ◽  
Total Antioxidant

AbstractBackground:Iodine is a part of thyroid hormones and has been reported to act directly as an antioxidant or induce indirectly antioxidant enzymes. This study aimed to assess the urinary iodine concentration and its relationship between the antioxidant and oxidative stress capacity in healthy school-aged children.Methods:In total, 196 students from five primary schools, randomly selected between 9 and 12 years (mean age: 10.2±1.2 years), were enrolled in the study. Urinary iodine levels were measured by spectrophotometry with the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were analysed from urine samples. The ratio of TOS to TAS was regarded as an oxidative stress index (OSI), an indicator of the degree of oxidative status.Results:Fifty-four percentage (107) of the children had iodine deficiency (ID) and the majority of them (30%) had mild ID. There was no severe-ID child in the population (<20 μg/L). Urine TAS levels were significantly lower in the moderate-ID group than in the mild-ID group (6.5±4.1 vs. 11.3±4.1 mmol, p<0.001) and the iodine-sufficient group (11.0±5.3 μmol, p<0.001). TOS levels and OSI were found higher in the moderate-ID group than in the mild-ID group (4.8±2.1 vs. 3.7±2.1 μmol, p<0.001) and the iodine-sufficient group (4.8±2.1 vs. 3.4±2.5 mmol, p<0.001). In the moderate-ID group, low urine iodine levels exhibited significant negative correlations with OSI (r=−0.660) and TOS (r=−0.248) and a positive correlation with TAS (r=0.475).Conclusions:We found that children with moderate ID were exposed to more oxidative burden than children with mild ID or iodine sufficiency. Increased systemic oxidative stress induced by moderate ID could cause development of ID-related complications and diseases. Iodine supplementation could have a beneficial role in the prevention of oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Evaluating of significance of thyroglobulin (Tg) level in blood as a biomarker of iodine deficiency disorders severity in Uzbekistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saydiganikhodja I. Ismailov ◽  
Murod M. Rashitov ◽  
Nusrat A. Alimdjanov ◽  
Kamil K. Uzbekov ◽  
Muhammadjon Kh. Vakkasov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Goiter Prevalence ◽  
Diffuse Goiter ◽  
Thyroglobulin Level ◽  
Thyroglobulin Concentration

Iodine deficiency has serious adverse effects on growth and development of humans, such as mental impairment. It is known, that thyroglobulin level in blood is promising biomarker that can determine iodine deficiency disorders severity in a given region. The Aim of study: Evaluating of significance of thyroglobulin level in blood as a biomarker of iodine deficiency disorders severity in Uzbekistan.. Materials and Methods: We evaluated thyroglobulin level in blood in schoolchildren of Uzbekistan. In this purpose we studied 366 schoolchildren in 8-12 age group, of that 163 boys and 203 girls living in Tashkent city, Fergana, Samarkand, Bukhara, Kashkadarya, Khoresm and Republic of Karakalpakistan. Such parameters as urinary iodine concentration, diffuse goiter plasma TSH, fT4 were analyzed too. Results: Diffuse goiter prevalence was 27 % among children, the overall mean thyroglobulin concentration was 12,8 ± 10.4 ng/ml, the overall median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 120.27 μg/L indicating iodine sufficiency. Plasma TSH was 2.75 ± 1.69 mIU/l and plasma fТ4 14.48 ± 3,96 pmol/l.  Thyroglobulin level depended on goiter size, so that in children without goiter (grade 0) mean thyroglobulin concentration was 11,9 ± 7.9 ng/ml, in children with goiter grade 1 mean thyroglobulin concentration was 14,24 ± 13.5 ng/ml and in children with goiter grade 2 mean thyroglobulin concentration was 18,82±18,3 ng/ml. Overall mean thyroglobulin concentration of goitrous children (grade 1 and 2) was 16,4±10,5 ng/ml. Conclusions: Though international studies in school-aged children showed that iodine-sufficient children typically had a median Tg <13 ng/ml, our investigation showed that while study group’s  UIC was 120.27 μg/L and overall mean thyroglobulin concentration was 12,8 ± 10.4 ng/ml, that is equal to median thyroglobulin concentration – 11,73 ng/ml, 39% of children in this group still have UIC below 100 μg/L.

scholarly journals Remaining challenges in Tanzania's efforts to eliminate iodine deficiency

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1032-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent D Assey ◽  
Celestin Mgoba ◽  
Nicholaus Mlingi ◽  
Alfred Sanga ◽  
Godwin D Ndossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

AbstractObjectiveTo determine iodine levels in salt and iodine deficiency prevalence in school-aged children in 16 districts in Tanzania with previous severe iodine deficiency.DesignA cross-sectional study in schoolchildren. Systematic probability sampling was used to select schools and subjects for goitre assessment and urinary iodine determination.SettingSixteen districts randomly selected from the 27 categorised as severely iodine-deficient in Tanzania.SubjectsThe study population was primary-school children aged 6–18 years who were examined for goitre prevalence and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Salt samples from schoolchildren's homes and from shops were tested for iodine content.ResultsThe study revealed that 83.3% of households (n = 21 160) in the surveyed districts used iodised salt. Also, 94% of sampled shops (n = 397) sold iodised salt, with a median iodine level of 37.0 ppm (range 4.2–240 ppm). Median UIC in 2089 schoolchildren was 235.0 μg l− 1and 9.3% had UIC values below 50 μg l− 1. The overall unweighted mean visible and total goitre prevalence was 6.7% and 24.3%, respectively (n = 16 222). The age group 6–12 years had the lowest goitre prevalence (3.6% visible and 18.0% total goitre,n = 7147). The total goitre prevalence had decreased significantly in all districts from an unweighted mean of 65.4% in the 1980s to 24.3% in 1999 (P < 0.05). We believe this difference was also biologically significant.ConclusionThese findings indicate that iodine deficiency is largely eliminated in the 16 districts categorised as severely iodine-deficient in Tanzania, and that the iodine content of salt purchased from shops is highly variable.

scholarly journals Excessive intake of iodine and low prevalence of goiter in school age children five years after implementation of national salt iodization in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elilta Elias ◽  
Workneh Tsegaye ◽  
Barbara J. Stoecker ◽  
Tafere Gebreegziabher
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
School Age ◽  
Salt Iodization

Abstract Background Iodine is a trace element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The multiple effects of iodine deficiency on human health are called iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). IDDs have been common nutritional problems in Ethiopia. In 2012, Ethiopia launched a national salt iodization program to address IDDs. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of this program after 5 years by measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and prevalence of goiter in school age children as well as household salt iodine concentration (SIC). Methods A school-based cross-sectional design was employed. After ethical approval, 408 children from eight randomly selected primary schools provided urine samples. UIC was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). A 10 g salt sample was collected from each household of a sampled child. SIC was analyzed with a digital electronic iodine checker (WYD, UNICEF) and goiter was assessed by palpation. Results The mean (±SD) age of the children was 9 ± 2 years. The prevalence of goiter was 4.2% and no child had grade 2 goiter. The median (IQR) UIC was 518 (327, 704) μg/L and UIC ranged from 3.1 to 2530 μg/L. Of the salt samples, 15.6% were not adequately iodized (< 15 ppm), 39.3% were adequately iodized (≥15 to ≤40 ppm), and 45.1% were > 40 ppm. SIC ranged from 4.2 to 195 ppm. Of the mothers, 92% said iodized salt prevents goiter and 8% mentioned prevents mental retardation. Conclusions In 2017 iodine deficiency was no longer a public health problem in the study area. However, the high variability in UIC and SIC and excessive iodine intake are of great concern. It is vital to ensure that salt is homogenously iodized at the production site before being distributed to consumers.

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