Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three‐dimensional motion analysis

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation. Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated. Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability). Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles. Trial registration Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.

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Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three-dimensional motion analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46127/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Phob Ganokroj ◽

Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽

Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽

Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽

Pisit Lertwanich

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

Supine Position ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Angle Measurement ◽

Smartphone Applications ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Rotational Angle ◽

Hip Rotation

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation.Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated.Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability).Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles.Trial registration: Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www. clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29. http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=utf8&task=regtrial&id=4100&menu=regtrial&smenu=trialmodify&ts=20200711091413

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Validity and Reliability of Smartphone Applications for Measurement of Hip Rotation, Compared With Three-dimensional Motion Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46127/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Phob Ganokroj ◽

Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽

Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽

Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽

Pisit Lertwanich

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

Supine Position ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Smartphone Applications ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Rotational Angle ◽

Hip Rotation

Abstract BackgroundMeasurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation.MethodsAn experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated.ResultsThe study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability).ConclusionsThe two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle.Trial registration: Number20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=utf8&task=regtrial&id=4100&menu=regtrial&smenu=trialmodify&ts=20200711091413

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Effect of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit on Shoulder in Baseball Pitchers during Fastball Pitching

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17218211 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

pp. 8211

Author(s):

Hwai-Ting Lin ◽

Yu-Chuan Lin ◽

You-Li Chou ◽

Hung-Chien Wu ◽

Rong-Tyai Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Limited Information ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Acceleration Phase ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Baseball Pitchers ◽

Analysis System

Previous studies have reported that pitchers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may increase the risk of shoulder injury. However, limited information is available regarding the specific effects of GIRD in baseball pitching. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baseball pitchers with GIRD change their pitching mechanism. Fifteen baseball pitchers with GIRD and 15 pitchers without GIRD were recruited from university or senior high-school teams. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Eagle System, Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) was used to capture the pitching motion while performing fastball pitches. The kinematics and kinetics of the throwing shoulder and trunk were analyzed based on motion captured data. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to test the differences of the analyzed parameters between two groups. At the instant of ball release, the GIRD group showed lower shoulder external rotation and trunk rotation, and larger shoulder horizontal adduction. In addition, the GIRD group exhibited a significantly larger shoulder inferior force in the cocking and acceleration phase, and a significantly larger internal rotation torque in the acceleration phase. The present results suggested that pitchers with GIRD need stretch training to enlarge joint range of motion, and to improve trunk strength and flexibility to alleviate potential problems associated with pitching in GIRD pitchers.

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Structure, Sex, and Strength and Knee and Hip Kinematics During Landing

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-46.4.376 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 376-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Jennifer S. Howard ◽

Melisa A. Fazio ◽

Carl G. Mattacola ◽

Timothy L. Uhl ◽

Cale A. Jacobs

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Knee Flexion ◽

External Rotation ◽

Tracking System ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Medial Knee ◽

Peak Knee ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Knee Abduction ◽

Hip Rotation

Context: Researchers have observed that medial knee collapse is a mechanism of knee injury. Lower extremity alignment, sex, and strength have been cited as contributing to landing mechanics. Objective: To determine the relationship among measurements of asymmetry of unilateral hip rotation (AUHR); mobility of the foot, which we described as relative arch deformity (RAD); hip abduction–external rotation strength; sex; and me-dial collapse of the knee during a single-leg jump landing. We hypothesized that AUHR and RAD would be positively correlated with movements often associated with medial collapse of the knee, including hip adduction and internal rotation excursions and knee abduction and rotation excursions. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty women and 15 men (age = 21 ± 2 years, height = 171.7 ± 9.5 cm, mass = 68.4 ± 9.5 kg) who had no history of surgery or recent injury and who participated in regular physical activity volunteered. Intervention(s): Participants performed 3 double-leg forward jumps with a single-leg landing. Three-dimensional kinematic data were sampled at 100 Hz using an electromagnetic tracking system. We evaluated AUHR and RAD on the preferred leg and evaluated isometric peak hip abductor–external rotation torque. We assessed AUHR by calculating the difference between internal and external hip rotation in the prone position (AUHR = internal rotation – external rotation). We evaluated RAD using the Arch Height Index Measurement System. Correlations and linear regression analyses were used to assess relationships among AUHR, RAD, sex, peak hip abduction–external rotation torque, and kinematic variables for 3-dimensional motion of the hip and knee. Main Outcome Measure(s): The dependent variables were joint angles at contact and joint excursions between contact and peak knee flexion. Results: We found that AUHR was correlated with hip adduction excursion (R = 0.36, P = .02). Asymmetry of unilateral hip rotation, sex, and peak hip abduction–external rotation torque were predictive of knee abduction excursion (adjusted R2 = 0.47, P < .001). Asymmetry of unilateral hip rotation and sex were predictive of knee external rotation excursion (adjusted R2 = 0.23, P = .001). The RAD was correlated with hip adduction at contact (R2 = 0.10, R = 0.32, P = .04) and knee flexion excursion (R2 = 0.11, R = −0.34, P = .03). Conclusions: Asymmetry of unilateral hip rotation, sex, and hip strength were associated with kinematic components of medial knee collapse.

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Legal Update: North Dakota Supreme Court: Third Edition of Guides is “Most Current”

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.janfeb04 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 6-7

Author(s):

James J. Mangraviti

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Fourth Edition ◽

Hip Motion ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Hip Rotation ◽

Hip Extension

Abstract The accurate measurement of hip motion is critical when one rates impairments of this joint, makes an initial diagnosis, assesses progression over time, and evaluates treatment outcome. The hip permits all motions typical of a ball-and-socket joint. The hip sacrifices some motion but gains stability and strength. Figures 52 to 54 in AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, illustrate techniques for measuring hip flexion, loss of extension, abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation. Figure 53 in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition, illustrates neutral, abducted, and adducted positions of the hip and proper alignment of the goniometer arms, and Figure 52 illustrates use of a goniometer to measure flexion of the right hip. In terms of impairment rating, hip extension (at least any beyond neutral) is irrelevant, and the AMA Guides contains no figures describing its measurement. Figure 54, Measuring Internal and External Hip Rotation, demonstrates proper positioning and measurement techniques for rotary movements of this joint. The difference between measured and actual hip rotation probably is minimal and is irrelevant for impairment rating. The normal internal rotation varies from 30° to 40°, and the external rotation ranges from 40° to 60°.

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The relationship of hip rotation range, hip rotator strength and balance in healthy individuals

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-181299 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 761-767

Author(s):

Yongwook Kim ◽

Seungmook Kang

Keyword(s):

Motion Analysis ◽

External Rotation ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Camera Motion ◽

3D Motion ◽

3D Motion Analysis ◽

Balance Ability ◽

Analysis System ◽

The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Few studies have explored the relationship between muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), and balance in the horizontal plane of the hip joint using three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis. OBJECTIVE: We investigate the relationships of hip internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) ROM, measured using a 3D motion capture system, with hip internal and external rotator strength and single-leg standing balance. METHODS: The participants were 40 healthy adults. Kinematic data on hip ROM were collected using an eight-camera motion analysis system. Hip rotational strength measurements were obtained using hand-held isometric dynamometry. A Single-leg standing test and a pendular test were conducted to evaluate static and dynamic balance ability using BioRescue. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between hip strength and each variable measured during hip ROM assessments (p< 0.05). Significant positive correlations were found between the hip IR/ER strength ratio and the IR/ER ROM ratio (r= 0.72, p< 0.01). The subgroup with a normal IR/ER ratio of hip rotator strength and ROM showed significantly better dynamic balance ability than the subgroup with a hip rotator muscle imbalance (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant relationship between hip IR/ER strength and IR/ER ROM with a normal hip IR/ER strength and ROM ratio positively affecting dynamic balance ability.

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A Kinematic Analysis of Fundamental Movement Skills

Sport Science Review ◽

10.1515/ssr-2016-0014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (3-4) ◽

pp. 261-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cain C. T. Clark ◽

Claire M. Barnes ◽

Mark Holton ◽

Huw D. Summers ◽

Gareth Stratton

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Rotation Velocity ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Mass Range ◽

Centre Of Mass ◽

Movement Skills ◽

Fundamental Movement Skills ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Fundamental movement skills are considered the basic building blocks for movement and provide the foundation for specialized and sport-specific movement skills required for participation in a variety of physical activities. However, kinematic analyses of fundamental movement has not been performed. The aims of this study were to, (1) characterise the relationship between facets of fundamental movement and, (2) characterise the relationship between overall integrated acceleration and three-dimensional kinematic variables whilst performing fundamental movement skills. Eleven participants (10±0.8y, 1.41±0.07m, 33.4±8.6kg, body mass index; 16.4±3.1 kg·m2) took part in this study, had anthropometric variables recorded and performed a series of fundamental movement tasks, whilst wearing a tri-axial accelerometer and were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Maximum shoulder external rotation (°) and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.86, p<0.001), mediolateral centre of mass range (cm) and centre of mass coefficient of variation (%) (r=0.83, p<0.001), maximum stride angle (°) in the jog and walk (r=0.74, p=0.01) and maximum sprint stride angle and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.67, p<0.02) were significantly correlated. Maximum sprint stride angle (hip: r=0.96, p<0.001, ankle: r=0.97, p<0.001) and maximum internal rotation velocity (ankle: r=0.6, p=0.05) were significantly correlated to overall integrated acceleration. Overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants (CV: 10.5), whereas three-dimensional variables varied by up to 65%. Although overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants, three-dimensional variables were much more varied. Indicating that although overall activity may be correspondent, the characteristics of a child’s movement may be highly varied.

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Three-Dimensional Scapular Kinematics during the Throwing Motion

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.24.1.24 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 24-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Kristin E. Meyer ◽

Erin E. Saether ◽

Emily K. Soiney ◽

Meegan S. Shebeck ◽

Keith L. Paddock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Glenohumeral Joint ◽

External Rotation ◽

Angular Position ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Dynamic Activity ◽

Motion Data ◽

Asymptomatic Subjects ◽

Scapular Motion

Proper scapular motion is crucial for normal shoulder mechanics. Scapular motion affects glenohumeral joint function during throwing, yet little is known about this dynamic activity. Asymptomatic subjects (10 male and 10 female), ages 21 to 45, were analyzed. Electromagnetic surface sensors on the sternum, acromion, and humerus were used to collect 3-D motion data during three trials of low-velocity throwing. Scapular angular position data were described for five predetermined events throughout the throw corresponding with classic descriptions of throwing phases, and trial-to-trial reliability was determined. ANOVA compared scapular angles across events. Subjects demonstrated good to excellent reliability between trials of the throw (ICC 0.74–0.98). The scapula demonstrated a pattern of external rotation, upward rotation (peak of approx. 40°), and posterior tilting during the initial phases of the throw, progressing into internal rotation after maximum humeral horizontal abduction. During the arm acceleration phase, the scapula moved toward greater internal rotation and began anteriorly tilting. At maximum humeral internal rotation, the scapula ended in internal rotation (55°), upward rotation (20°), and anterior tilting (3°).

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Descriptive Profile of Hip Rotation Range of Motion in Elite Tennis Players and Professional Baseball Pitchers

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546507300260 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 35 (8) ◽

pp. 1371-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Todd S. Ellenbecker ◽

Gail A. Ellenbecker ◽

E. Paul Roetert ◽

Rogerio Teixeira Silva ◽

Greg Keuter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Hip Joint ◽

External Rotation ◽

Professional Baseball ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Active Range Of Motion ◽

Baseball Pitchers ◽

Hip Rotation ◽

Bilateral Difference

Background Repetitive loading to the hip joint in athletes has been reported as a factor in the development of degenerative joint disease and intra-articular injury. Little information is available on the bilateral symmetry of hip rotational measures in unilaterally dominant upper extremity athletes. Hypothesis Side-to-side differences in hip joint range of motion may be present because of asymmetrical loading in the lower extremities of elite tennis players and professional baseball pitchers. Study Design Cohort (cross-sectional) study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 1. Methods Descriptive measures of hip internal and external rotation active range of motion were taken in the prone position of 64 male and 83 female elite tennis players and 101 male professional baseball pitchers using digital photos and computerized angle calculation software. Bilateral differences in active range of motion between the dominant and nondominant hip were compared using paired t tests and Bonferroni correction for hip internal, external, and total rotation range of motion. A Pearson correlation test was used to test the relationship between years of competition and hip rotation active range of motion. Results No significant bilateral difference (P > .005) was measured for mean hip internal or external rotation for the elite tennis players or the professional baseball pitchers. An analysis of the number of subjects in each group with a bilateral difference in hip rotation greater than 10° identified 17% of the professional baseball pitchers with internal rotation differences and 42% with external rotation differences. Differences in the elite male tennis players occurred in only 15% of the players for internal rotation and 9% in external rotation. Female subjects had differences in 8% and 12% of the players for internal and external rotation, respectively. Statistical differences were found between the mean total arc of hip range of internal and external rotation in the elite tennis players with the dominant side being greater by a clinically insignificant mean value of 2.5°. Significantly less (P < .005) dominant hip internal rotation and less dominant and nondominant hip total rotation range of motion were found in the professional baseball pitchers compared with the elite male tennis players. Conclusion This study established typical range of motion patterns and identified bilaterally symmetric hip active range of motion rotation values in elite tennis players and professional baseball pitchers. Asymmetric hip joint rotational active range of motion encountered during clinical examination and screening may indicate abnormalities and would indicate the application of flexibility training, rehabilitation, and further evaluation.

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