Effect of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit on Shoulder in Baseball Pitchers during Fastball Pitching

Previous studies have reported that pitchers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may increase the risk of shoulder injury. However, limited information is available regarding the specific effects of GIRD in baseball pitching. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baseball pitchers with GIRD change their pitching mechanism. Fifteen baseball pitchers with GIRD and 15 pitchers without GIRD were recruited from university or senior high-school teams. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Eagle System, Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) was used to capture the pitching motion while performing fastball pitches. The kinematics and kinetics of the throwing shoulder and trunk were analyzed based on motion captured data. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to test the differences of the analyzed parameters between two groups. At the instant of ball release, the GIRD group showed lower shoulder external rotation and trunk rotation, and larger shoulder horizontal adduction. In addition, the GIRD group exhibited a significantly larger shoulder inferior force in the cocking and acceleration phase, and a significantly larger internal rotation torque in the acceleration phase. The present results suggested that pitchers with GIRD need stretch training to enlarge joint range of motion, and to improve trunk strength and flexibility to alleviate potential problems associated with pitching in GIRD pitchers.

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Motion Analysis Focusing on Rotational Movements of Professional Female Baseball Pitchers: Comparison with Male University Baseball Pitchers

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182413342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (24) ◽

pp. 13342

Author(s):

Yoshikazu Azuma ◽

Tomoyuki Matsui ◽

Machiko Hiramoto ◽

Ruo Hashimoto ◽

Kanta Matsuzawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motion Analysis ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Lateral Side ◽

Kinematic Data ◽

Ball Release ◽

Rotation Phase ◽

Baseball Pitchers ◽

Analysis System ◽

Throwing Motion

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare pitching motion of the professional female baseball pitchers with the male university baseball pitchers focused on the pelvic and thoracic movements. Subjects and methods: The participants were 15 healthy professional female baseball pitchers (11 right-handers and 4 left-handers; age, 21.7 ± 3.2 years; height, 162.5 ± 5.1 cm; weight, 59.0 ± 6.6 kg) and 14 healthy male university baseball pitchers (12 right-handers and 2 left-handers; age, 19.9 ± 0.8 years; height, 176.4 ± 3.0 cm; body mass, 73.1 ± 3.0 kg). Throwing motion was captured by three-dimensional motion analysis system. Kinematic data of the lead hip, pelvis, thorax, and dominant shoulder were collected and the joint angle at maximum external rotation phase and ball release phase were compared. Results: The female baseball pitchers rotated pelvis and thorax more than the male at the maximum external rotation phase and ball release phase (p < 0.05). At the same, the pelvis and thorax of the female baseball pitchers were tilted significantly closer to horizontal plane than the male (p < 0.05). The pelvis and thorax of the male baseball pitchers was tilted to non-dominant lateral side. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the pelvic and thoracic movements of the professional female baseball pitchers was different from male university pitchers.

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Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three‐dimensional motion analysis

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-021-03995-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Phob Ganokroj ◽

Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽

Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽

Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽

Pisit Lertwanich

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

Supine Position ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Angle Measurement ◽

Smartphone Applications ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Link Type ◽

Hip Rotation

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation. Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated. Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability). Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles. Trial registration Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.

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The relationship of hip rotation range, hip rotator strength and balance in healthy individuals

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-181299 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 761-767

Author(s):

Yongwook Kim ◽

Seungmook Kang

Keyword(s):

Motion Analysis ◽

External Rotation ◽

Dynamic Balance ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Camera Motion ◽

3D Motion ◽

3D Motion Analysis ◽

Balance Ability ◽

Analysis System ◽

The Relationship

BACKGROUND: Few studies have explored the relationship between muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), and balance in the horizontal plane of the hip joint using three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis. OBJECTIVE: We investigate the relationships of hip internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) ROM, measured using a 3D motion capture system, with hip internal and external rotator strength and single-leg standing balance. METHODS: The participants were 40 healthy adults. Kinematic data on hip ROM were collected using an eight-camera motion analysis system. Hip rotational strength measurements were obtained using hand-held isometric dynamometry. A Single-leg standing test and a pendular test were conducted to evaluate static and dynamic balance ability using BioRescue. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between hip strength and each variable measured during hip ROM assessments (p< 0.05). Significant positive correlations were found between the hip IR/ER strength ratio and the IR/ER ROM ratio (r= 0.72, p< 0.01). The subgroup with a normal IR/ER ratio of hip rotator strength and ROM showed significantly better dynamic balance ability than the subgroup with a hip rotator muscle imbalance (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant relationship between hip IR/ER strength and IR/ER ROM with a normal hip IR/ER strength and ROM ratio positively affecting dynamic balance ability.

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Isokinetic Rotator Cuff Functional Ratios and the Development of Shoulder Injury in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

International Journal of Athletic Therapy & Training ◽

10.1123/ijatt.2014-0071 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 46-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rachele E. Vogelpohl ◽

Roger O. Kollock

Keyword(s):

Rotator Cuff ◽

Human Performance ◽

Outcome Measure ◽

External Rotation ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Acceleration Phase ◽

Main Outcome Measure ◽

Collegiate Baseball ◽

Baseball Pitchers

Context:Shoulder injury in baseball pitchers is a very common problem and has been linked to an imbalance in rotator cuff strength. Recently, the use of functional shoulder strength ratios has become more popular because they more closely resemble the actions of the shoulder during the throwing motion.Objective:To investigate the link between preseason shoulder rotator cuff functional strength ratios and the development of shoulder pain and injury.Design:Prospective research design.Setting:University human performance laboratory.Patients:Fifteen collegiate baseball pitchers participated in this study. At the end of the baseball season, six (19.5 ± 1.8 years, 73.6 ± 2.8 inches, 198.7 ± 19.1 lbs) developed shoulder injury and were placed in the injured group, and nine (21.0 ± 1.7 years, 73.1 ± 2.3 inches, 207.9 ± 28.1 lbs) did not develop injury and were placed in the noninjured group.Interventions:Isokinetic peak torque was collected concentrically and eccentrically for both shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) at 60°-s−1, 180°-s−1, and 300°-s−1.Main Outcome Measure:The following functional ratios were calculated from the peak torque measures: concentric ER: concentric IR; eccentric ER: eccentric IR; concentric ER: eccentric IR (cocking phase); and eccentric ER: concentric IR (acceleration phase). Analysis was conducted using an analysis of variance comparing the injured and noninjured groups. A secondary analysis was conducted using an analyses of variance on the concentric and eccentric peak torque for shoulder IR and ER between groups.Results:The acceleration phase functional shoulder ratio was significantly higher (p = .019) in the injured group and a concentric IR peak torque (p = .003) was significantly lower in the injured group compared with the noninjured group.conclusion:Increased acceleration phase ratios and decreased concentric IR peak torque may be linked to the development of shoulder injury during a baseball season.

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Associations Among Hip and Shoulder Range of Motion and Shoulder Injury in Professional Baseball Players

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-45.2.191 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 191-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Steve Scher ◽

Kyle Anderson ◽

Nick Weber ◽

Jeff Bajorek ◽

Kevin Rand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Professional Baseball ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

History Of ◽

Shoulder External Rotation ◽

The Relationship ◽

Hip Extension

Abstract Context: The overhead throwing motion is complex, and restrictions in range of motion (ROM) at the hip may place additional demands on the shoulder that lead to injury. However, the relationship between hip and shoulder ROM in athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury is unknown. Objective: To (1) determine if differences exist in hip and shoulder ROM between professional baseball players with a history of shoulder injury and those with no history of shoulder injury and (2) assess relationships between hip and shoulder ROM in these players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-seven professional baseball players. Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures consisted of hip extension and internal rotation, shoulder internal and external rotation, glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, and history of shoulder injury. Differences in shoulder and hip ROM were assessed with a 1-way analysis of variance. Associations between hip and shoulder ROM were assessed with linear regression. Results: Nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury had more external rotation and less internal rotation of the shoulder than nonpitchers with no history of shoulder injury. Glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit was greater in both pitchers and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. The relationship between dominant hip extension and shoulder external rotation was significant for pitchers with a history of shoulder injury and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. Conclusions: Shoulder injury may be associated with specific measures of hip and shoulder ROM, and hip extension and shoulder external rotation may be related in baseball players with a history of shoulder injury. Additional research is necessary to understand the specific mechanisms of shoulder injury in the throwing athlete.

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The Effect of Pitching Biomechanics on the Upper Extremity in Youth and Adolescent Baseball Pitchers

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546509340226 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (8) ◽

pp. 1484-1491 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

J.T. Davis ◽

Orr Limpisvasti ◽

Derrick Fluhme ◽

Karen J. Mohr ◽

Lewis A. Yocum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Upper Extremity ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

High Speed ◽

Elbow Pain ◽

Correct Performance ◽

Youth Baseball ◽

Elbow Injuries ◽

Baseball Pitchers ◽

Analysis System

Background Increased pitch counts have been linked to increased complaints of shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball pitchers. Improper pitching mechanics have not been shown to adversely affect the upper extremity in youth pitchers. Hypothesis The correct performance of 5 biomechanical pitching parameters correlates with lower humeral internal rotation torque and elbow valgus load, as well as higher pitching efficiency, in youth and adolescent pitchers. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods In sum, 169 baseball pitchers (aged 9-18) were analyzed using a quantitative motion analysis system and a high-speed video while throwing fastballs. The correct performance of 5 common pitching parameters was compared with each pitcher's age, humeral internal rotation torque, elbow valgus load, and calculated pitching efficiency. Results Motion analysis correlated with video analysis for all 5 parameters (P <. 05). Youth pitchers (aged 9-13) performing 3 or more parameters correctly showed lower humeral internal rotation torque, lower elbow valgus load, and higher pitching efficiency (P <. 05). Conclusions Youth pitchers with better pitching mechanics generate lower humeral internal rotation torque, lower elbow valgus load, and more efficiency than do those with improper mechanics. Proper pitching mechanics may help prevent shoulder and elbow injuries in youth pitchers. Clinical Relevance The parameters described in this study may be used to improve the pitching mechanics of youth pitchers and possibly reduce shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball pitchers.

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Validity and Reliability of Smartphone Applications for Measurement of Hip Rotation, Compared With Three-dimensional Motion Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46127/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Phob Ganokroj ◽

Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽

Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽

Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽

Pisit Lertwanich

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

Supine Position ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Smartphone Applications ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Rotational Angle ◽

Hip Rotation

Abstract BackgroundMeasurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation.MethodsAn experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated.ResultsThe study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability).ConclusionsThe two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle.Trial registration: Number20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=utf8&task=regtrial&id=4100&menu=regtrial&smenu=trialmodify&ts=20200711091413

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Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three-dimensional motion analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46127/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Phob Ganokroj ◽

Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽

Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽

Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽

Pisit Lertwanich

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

Supine Position ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Angle Measurement ◽

Smartphone Applications ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Rotational Angle ◽

Hip Rotation

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation.Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated.Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability).Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles.Trial registration: Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www. clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29. http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th/index.php?tp=utf8&task=regtrial&id=4100&menu=regtrial&smenu=trialmodify&ts=20200711091413

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Three-dimensional morphometric analysis of the coracohumeral distance using magnetic resonance imaging

Orthopedic Reviews ◽

10.4081/or.2017.6999 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Taku Hatta ◽

Nobuyuki Yamamoto ◽

Hirotaka Sano ◽

Yasushi Omori ◽

Kazuomi Sugamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

Proximal Humerus ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Models ◽

Coracoid Process ◽

Lateral Part ◽

Shoulder Motion ◽

Analysis System

There have been no studies investigating three-dimensional (3D) alteration of the coracohumeral distance (CHD) associated with shoulder motion. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of 3D-CHD with the arm in flexion/internal rotation and horizontal adduction. Six intact shoulders of four healthy volunteers were obtained for this study. MRI was taken in four arm positions: with the arm in internal rotation at 0°, 45°, and 90° of flexion, and 90° of flexion with maximum horizontal adduction. Using a motion analysis system, 3D models of the coracoid process and proximal humerus were created from MRI data. The CHD among the four positions were compared, and the closest part of coracoid process to the proximal humerus was also assessed. 3D-CHD significantly decreased with the arm in 90° of flexion and in 90° of flexion with horizontal adduction comparing with that in 0° flexion (P<0.05). In all subjects, lateral part of the coracoid process was the closest to the proximal humerus in these positions. <em>In vivo</em> quasi-static motion analysis revealed that the 3D-CHD was narrower in the arm position of flexion with horizontal abduction than that in 0° flexion. The lateral part on the coracoid process should be considered to be closest to the proximal humerus during the motion.

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Maneuverability of the Scope and Instruments within Three Different Single-Incision Laparoscopic Ports: An Experimental Pilot Study

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11051242 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1242

Author(s):

Georg Haider ◽

Ursula Schulz ◽

Nikola Katic ◽

Christian Peham ◽

Gilles Dupré

Keyword(s):

Motion Analysis ◽

Single Incision ◽

Single Port ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Analysis Software ◽

Port Access ◽

Port System ◽

Sils Port ◽

Glove Port ◽

Analysis System

Single-port access systems (SPASs) are currently used in human and veterinary surgeries. However, they pose technical challenges, such as instrument crowding, intra- and extracorporeal instrument collision, and reduced maneuverability. Studies comparing the maneuverability of the scopes and instruments in different SPASs are lacking. This study aimed to compare the maneuverability of three different SPASs: the Covidien SILS-port, Storz Endocone, and glove port. A clear acrylic box with artificial skin placed at the bottom was used to mimic the abdominal wall and cavity. The three SPASs were placed from below, and a 10-mm endoscope and 5-mm instrument were introduced. A motion analysis system consisting of 18 cameras and motion analysis software were used to track the movement of the endoscope and instrument, to determine the volume of the cone-shaped, three-dimensional figures over which movement was possible, with higher values indicating greater maneuverability. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for the analysis. The maneuverability of the endoscope alone was significantly higher in the glove port system than in the other two SPASs. When inserting an additional instrument, the maneuverability significantly decreased in the SILS-port and Endocone, but not in the glove port. The highest maneuverability overall was found in the glove port.

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