Three-Dimensional Scapular Kinematics during the Throwing Motion

Proper scapular motion is crucial for normal shoulder mechanics. Scapular motion affects glenohumeral joint function during throwing, yet little is known about this dynamic activity. Asymptomatic subjects (10 male and 10 female), ages 21 to 45, were analyzed. Electromagnetic surface sensors on the sternum, acromion, and humerus were used to collect 3-D motion data during three trials of low-velocity throwing. Scapular angular position data were described for five predetermined events throughout the throw corresponding with classic descriptions of throwing phases, and trial-to-trial reliability was determined. ANOVA compared scapular angles across events. Subjects demonstrated good to excellent reliability between trials of the throw (ICC 0.74–0.98). The scapula demonstrated a pattern of external rotation, upward rotation (peak of approx. 40°), and posterior tilting during the initial phases of the throw, progressing into internal rotation after maximum humeral horizontal abduction. During the arm acceleration phase, the scapula moved toward greater internal rotation and began anteriorly tilting. At maximum humeral internal rotation, the scapula ended in internal rotation (55°), upward rotation (20°), and anterior tilting (3°).

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Validity and reliability of smartphone applications for measurement of hip rotation, compared with three‐dimensional motion analysis

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-021-03995-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Phob Ganokroj ◽

Nuchanun Sompornpanich ◽

Pichitpol Kerdsomnuek ◽

Bavornrat Vanadurongwan ◽

Pisit Lertwanich

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

Supine Position ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Angle Measurement ◽

Smartphone Applications ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Link Type ◽

Hip Rotation

Abstract Background Measurement of hip rotation is a crucial clinical parameter for the identification of hip problems and the monitoring of symptoms. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of two smartphone applications is valid and reliable for the measurement of hip rotation. Methods An experimental, cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess passive hip internal and external rotation in three positions by two examiners. The hip rotational angles were measured by a smartphone clinometer application in the sitting and prone positions, and by a smartphone compass application in the supine position; their results were compared with those of the standard, three-dimensional, motion analysis system. The validities and inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the smartphone applications were evaluated. Results The study involved 24 participants. The validities were good to excellent for the internal rotation angles in all positions (ICC 0.81–0.94), good for the external rotation angles in the prone position (ICC 0.79), and fair for the sitting and supine positions (ICC 0.70–0.73). The measurement of the hip internal rotation in the supine position had the highest ICC value of 0.94 (0.91, 0.96). The two smartphone applications showed good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, but good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability for only three of the six positions (two other positions had fair reliability, while one position demonstrated poor reliability). Conclusions The two smartphone applications have good-to-excellent validity and intra-rater reliability, but only fair-to-good inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the hip rotational angle. The most valid hip rotational position in this study was the supine IR angle measurement, while the lowest validity was the ER angle measurement in the sitting position. The smartphone application is one of the practical measurements in hip rotational angles. Trial registration Number 20181022003 at the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.clinicaltrials.in.th) which was retrospectively registered at 2018-10-18 15:30:29.

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A Kinematic Analysis of Fundamental Movement Skills

Sport Science Review ◽

10.1515/ssr-2016-0014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (3-4) ◽

pp. 261-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cain C. T. Clark ◽

Claire M. Barnes ◽

Mark Holton ◽

Huw D. Summers ◽

Gareth Stratton

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Rotation Velocity ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Mass Range ◽

Centre Of Mass ◽

Movement Skills ◽

Fundamental Movement Skills ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Fundamental movement skills are considered the basic building blocks for movement and provide the foundation for specialized and sport-specific movement skills required for participation in a variety of physical activities. However, kinematic analyses of fundamental movement has not been performed. The aims of this study were to, (1) characterise the relationship between facets of fundamental movement and, (2) characterise the relationship between overall integrated acceleration and three-dimensional kinematic variables whilst performing fundamental movement skills. Eleven participants (10±0.8y, 1.41±0.07m, 33.4±8.6kg, body mass index; 16.4±3.1 kg·m2) took part in this study, had anthropometric variables recorded and performed a series of fundamental movement tasks, whilst wearing a tri-axial accelerometer and were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Maximum shoulder external rotation (°) and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.86, p<0.001), mediolateral centre of mass range (cm) and centre of mass coefficient of variation (%) (r=0.83, p<0.001), maximum stride angle (°) in the jog and walk (r=0.74, p=0.01) and maximum sprint stride angle and maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity (°.s−1) (r=0.67, p<0.02) were significantly correlated. Maximum sprint stride angle (hip: r=0.96, p<0.001, ankle: r=0.97, p<0.001) and maximum internal rotation velocity (ankle: r=0.6, p=0.05) were significantly correlated to overall integrated acceleration. Overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants (CV: 10.5), whereas three-dimensional variables varied by up to 65%. Although overall integrated acceleration was comparable between participants, three-dimensional variables were much more varied. Indicating that although overall activity may be correspondent, the characteristics of a child’s movement may be highly varied.

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Biomechanical Analysis of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit in a Cadaveric Model

ASME 2010 5th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference and Exhibition ◽

10.1115/biomed2010-32052 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Akash Gupta ◽

Jeffrey Gates ◽

Michelle H. McGarry ◽

James E. Tibone ◽

Thay Q. Lee

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Clinical Decision Making ◽

Glenohumeral Joint ◽

External Rotation ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Biomechanical Analysis ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Posterior Translation ◽

Throwers Shoulder ◽

Cadaveric Model

Overhead throwing athletes have been shown to develop adaptive changes in humeral rotation to allow for higher throwing velocities. This manifests as an increase in humeral external rotation and a decrease in internal rotation, which is called glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). The percentage of GIRD that significantly affects glenohumeral joint kinematics is not known. The objective of the study was to create a throwers shoulder model with fixed percentages of GIRD to determine at which point kinematic changes start occurring. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in posterior translation starting at 10% GIRD. With inferior translational loads, significantly less inferior translation starts occurring at 20% GIRD. The humeral head apex position at maximum external rotation moves superiorly, posteriorly and laterally, with significant changes in the superior direction occurring with 10% GIRD onwards. Overall, significant kinematic changes begin at 10% GIRD and this should be taken into account for clinical decision-making as to when intervention is necessary.

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Does Scapular Motion Regress with Aging and is It Restricted in Patients with Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder?

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325001610010067 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 80-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kazuhiro Endo ◽

Junichiro Hamada ◽

Kazuaki Suzuki ◽

Yoshihiro Hagiwara ◽

Takayuki Muraki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Difference ◽

External Rotation ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Frozen Shoulder ◽

Severe Restriction ◽

Age Related ◽

Posterior Tilt ◽

Asymptomatic Subjects ◽

Anterior Posterior ◽

Scapular Motion

Purposes:It has been reported that the amount of posterior tilt and upward rotation in scapular motions decreases with aging. The purposes of the current study were to investigate age related scapular motion regression and scapular restriction in patients with idiopathic frozen shoulder (IFS).Methods:The groups were recruited as follows: two groups of 50 asymptomatic subjects aged in their twenties and fifties, and 56 patients with IFS. We passively moved the scapula toward 8 directions: elevation/depression; upward/downward rotation; external/internal rotation; and anterior/posterior tilt. The grading of scapular motion was ranged from 0 to 3 (3, normal; and 0, severe restriction) and the score for each direction and the total aggregated score for all directions were calculated.Results:Scapular restriction was present in 3 subjects (6%) in the normal 20s group, 10 (14%) in the 50s group, and 51 (91%) in the IFS group. The total score between the normal 20s and 50s groups did not show statistical difference; however, greater significance was present between the normal 50s group and the IFS group (p < 0.01). There was statistical significance in depression (p < 0.01), downward rotation (p < 0.01), and posterior tilt (p < 0.01) among the 3 groups.Conclusion:Depression, downward rotation, and posterior tilt substantially regress with aging. Scapular motions towards depression, downward rotation, external rotation, and posterior tilt are severely restricted in the IFS group.

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Kinematic Differences between Two Types of Forward Elevations of the Shoulder Joint: Flexion and Reaching Elevation

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325002014010015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 15-25

Author(s):

Ryo Sahara ◽

Junichiro Hamada ◽

Kunio Yoshizaki ◽

Kazuhiro Endo ◽

Daisuke Segawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rotator Cuff ◽

Elbow Joint ◽

Glenohumeral Joint ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Coronal Plane ◽

Shoulder Flexion ◽

Joint Flexion ◽

Motion Plane ◽

Teres Minor

Background: Extension of the elbow joint is maintained during shoulder flexion. In contrast, the arm starts from the flexed position of the elbow joint and the joint gradually extends during reaching elevation. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the kinematic elements and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the rotator cuff muscles between flexion and reaching elevation. Methods: The study included 10 healthy young men. (average age, 21.5 ± 3.4 years), and measurements were performed on their dominant arms. A three-dimensional motion analyzer was used to record the following elements during shoulder flexion and reaching elevation: the angles of glenohumeral joint elevation and scapular upward rotation, scapulohumeral rhythm, external rotation of the humerus, and glenohumeral plane shifting from the coronal plane. The EMG activities in the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor were recorded simultaneously. Results: The plane of reaching elevation was retained at 60° from the coronal plane. The glenohumeral planes (P < 0 .01) and the external rotation angles of the humerus below 90° of elevation (P < 0.05) were significantly different between both the motions. The EMG activities in the supraspinatus (P < .01), infraspinatus (P < 0.05), and teres minor (P < 0.01) were significantly lower while reaching elevation than those during flexion. Conclusion: The motion plane at 60° from the coronal plane, movement of the humeral external rotation, and EMG activities of the rotator cuff muscles were different during reaching elevation and shoulder flexion.

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Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Evaluation of Shoulder Joint Motion in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

10.21203/rs.3.rs-648232/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daisuke Momma ◽

Alejandro A Espinoza Orías ◽

Tohru Irie ◽

Tomoyo Irie ◽

Eiji Kondo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Contact Area ◽

Humeral Head ◽

Glenohumeral Joint ◽

External Rotation ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

4D Ct ◽

Collegiate Baseball ◽

Baseball Pitchers

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the glenohumeral contact area, center of glenohumeral contact area, and center of humeral head during simulated pitching motion in collegiate baseball pitchers using four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT). We obtained 4D CT data from the dominant and non-dominant shoulders of eight collegiate baseball pitchers during the cocking motion. CT image data of each joint were reconstructed using a 3D reconstruction software package. The glenohumeral contact area, center of glenohumeral contact area, center of humeral head, and oblateness of humeral head were calculated from 3D bone models using customized software. The center of glenohumeral contact area translated significantly from anterior to posterior during maximum external rotation to maximum internal rotation. The center of humeral head translated from posterior to anterior during maximum external rotation to maximum internal rotation. There was a high negative correlation between anterior translation of the center of glenohumeral contact area and center of humeral head, and a positive correlation between the translation and the oblateness. 4D CT analyses demonstrated that the center of humeral head translated in the opposite direction to that of the center of glenohumeral contact area during external rotation to internal rotation in abduction in the dominant and non-dominant shoulders. This diametric translation can be explained by the oblateness of the humeral head. 4D CT scanning and the software for bone surface modeling of the glenohumeral joint enabled quantitative assessment of glenohumeral micromotion and identified humeral head oblateness as the cause of diametric change.

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Three-dimensional Alignment of the Upper Extremity in the Standing Neutral Position in Healthy Subjects

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1182767/v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Yuki Yoshida ◽

Noboru Matsumura ◽

Yoshitake Yamada ◽

Satoshi Hiraga ◽

Kazunori Ishii ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Upper Extremity ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Glenohumeral Joint ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Upper Extremities ◽

Neutral Position ◽

Functional Evaluation ◽

Ct Scanner ◽

Angular Rotation ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background: Though alignment of the spine and lower extremities in the standing neutral position has been evaluated, a few studies evaluating the alignment of the upper extremities have also been made. This study assessed the normal alignment of the upper extremities in the standing neutral position and clarified the three-dimensional angular rotations of the upper extremity joints.Methods: Computed tomography (CT) images of 158 upper extremities from 79 healthy volunteers were prospectively acquired in the standing neutral position using an upright CT scanner. Three-dimensional coordinate systems of the thorax, scapula, humerus, and forearm were designated, and three-dimensional angular rotations of the scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, and elbow joints were calculated.Results: The mean angle of the scapulothoracic joint was 8.5° ± 5.9° of upward rotation, 28.7° ± 5.9° of internal rotation, and 7.9° ± 5.2° of anterior inclination. The mean angle of the glenohumeral joint was 4.4° ± 5.9° of abduction, 9.4° ± 12.3° of internal rotation, and 0.3° ± 4.4° of extension. The mean angle of the elbow joint was 9.6° ± 3.7° of valgus, 88.8° ± 14.3° of pronation, and 15.4° ± 4.2° of flexion. Correlations in angular rotation values were found, and interactions for keeping the upper extremities in a neutral position were observed.Conclusions: This study clarified the three-dimensional angular rotation of upper extremity joints in the standing neutral position using an upright CT scanner. Our results may provide important insights for the functional evaluation of upper extremity alignment.

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In Vivo Kinematics of the Tibiotalar and Subtalar Joints in Asymptomatic Subjects: A High-Speed Dual Fluoroscopy Study

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4034263 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 138 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Koren E. Roach ◽

Bibo Wang ◽

Ashley L. Kapron ◽

Niccolo M. Fiorentino ◽

Charles L. Saltzman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subtalar Joint ◽

High Speed ◽

External Rotation ◽

Translational Motion ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Tibiotalar Joint ◽

In Vivo Kinematics ◽

Asymptomatic Subjects ◽

Capture Techniques

Measurements of joint kinematics are essential to understand the pathomechanics of ankle disease and the effects of treatment. Traditional motion capture techniques do not provide measurements of independent tibiotalar and subtalar joint motion. In this study, high-speed dual fluoroscopy images of ten asymptomatic adults were acquired during treadmill walking at 0.5 m/s and 1.0 m/s and a single-leg, balanced heel-rise. Three-dimensional (3D) CT models of each bone and dual fluoroscopy images were used to quantify in vivo kinematics for the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. Dynamic tibiotalar and subtalar mean joint angles often exhibited opposing trends during captured stance. During both speeds of walking, the tibiotalar joint had significantly greater dorsi/plantarflexion (D/P) angular ROM than the subtalar joint while the subtalar joint demonstrated greater inversion/eversion (In/Ev) and internal/external rotation (IR/ER) than the tibiotalar joint. During balanced heel-rise, only D/P and In/Ev were significantly different between the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. Translational ROM in the anterior/posterior (AP) direction was significantly greater in the subtalar than the tibiotalar joint during walking at 0.5 m/s. Overall, our results support the long-held belief that the tibiotalar joint is primarily responsible for D/P, while the subtalar joint facilitates In/Ev and IR/ER. However, the subtalar joint provided considerable D/P rotation, and the tibiotalar joint rotated about all three axes, which, along with translational motion, suggests that each joint undergoes complex, 3D motion.

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Effect of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit on Shoulder in Baseball Pitchers during Fastball Pitching

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17218211 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

pp. 8211

Author(s):

Hwai-Ting Lin ◽

Yu-Chuan Lin ◽

You-Li Chou ◽

Hung-Chien Wu ◽

Rong-Tyai Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Limited Information ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Acceleration Phase ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Baseball Pitchers ◽

Analysis System

Previous studies have reported that pitchers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may increase the risk of shoulder injury. However, limited information is available regarding the specific effects of GIRD in baseball pitching. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baseball pitchers with GIRD change their pitching mechanism. Fifteen baseball pitchers with GIRD and 15 pitchers without GIRD were recruited from university or senior high-school teams. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Eagle System, Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) was used to capture the pitching motion while performing fastball pitches. The kinematics and kinetics of the throwing shoulder and trunk were analyzed based on motion captured data. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to test the differences of the analyzed parameters between two groups. At the instant of ball release, the GIRD group showed lower shoulder external rotation and trunk rotation, and larger shoulder horizontal adduction. In addition, the GIRD group exhibited a significantly larger shoulder inferior force in the cocking and acceleration phase, and a significantly larger internal rotation torque in the acceleration phase. The present results suggested that pitchers with GIRD need stretch training to enlarge joint range of motion, and to improve trunk strength and flexibility to alleviate potential problems associated with pitching in GIRD pitchers.

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Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Throwing Arm during the Penalty Throw in Water Polo

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.12.3.359 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 359-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Michael E. Feltner ◽

September T. Nelson

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Upper Arm ◽

Ball Speed ◽

Significant Inverse Relationship ◽

Water Polo

The purpose was to compute the instantaneous contributions of anatomical rotations of the trunk, upper arm, forearm, and hand to ball speed and to quantify the three-dimensional angular kinematics of the trunk and throwing arm during water polo penalty throws. The largest contributors to predicted ball speed |(vB)'| at release were forearm extension and a counterclockwise twisting rotation of the trunk. Upper arm internal rotation contribution to |(vB)'| at release was highly variable and exhibited a significant inverse relationship with the upper arm horizontal adduction contribution to |(vB)'| at release (r= −.70). Subjects with large internal rotation contributions to |(vB)'| tended to have the upper arm in positions of less external rotation, but internally rotating at a faster rate, at release. Subjects with large upper arm horizontal adduction contributions to |(vB)'| exhibited a trend for faster rates of upper arm horizontal adduction and positions of increased forearm pronation at release. Findings suggest that a continuum of technique styles are used by water polo players to produce ball speed at release.

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