Individual and community-level risk factors of women’s acceptance of intimate partner violence in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of 2011 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey

Abstract Background The prevalence of Intimate partner violence (IPV) is higher in societies with higher acceptance of norms that support IPV. In Ethiopia, the proportion of women’s acceptance of IPV was 69%, posing a central challenge in preventing IPV. The main objective of this study was to assess the individual and community-level factors associated with women’s acceptance of IPV. Methods Two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was applied to the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data. A total of 16,366 women nested in the 596 clusters were included in the analysis. Results The acceptability of the IPV was estimated to be 69%. Among the individual-level factors: women’s education with secondary and above (AOR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.29–0.52), partner’s education secondary and above (AOR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.54–0.82), women aged 35–49 years (AOR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.54–0.82), fully empowered in household level decision making (AOR = 0.67; 95% CI0.54–0.81), literate (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.62–0.92), and perceived existence of law that prevents IPV (AOR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.50–0.63) were significantly associated with women’s acceptance of IPV. Similarly, rural residence (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.53–2.43) and living in the State region (AOR = 2.37; 95% CI 1.81–3.10) were significantly associated with the women’s acceptance of IPV among the community-level factors. Conclusion Both individual and community-level factors were significant risk factors for the acceptability of intimate partner violence. Women's education, women's age, women’s empowerment, partner education level, perceived existence of the law, and literacy were among individual factors. State region and residence were among community-level risk factors significantly associated women’s acceptance of IPV.

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Unique Risk Factors of the Co-Occurrence Between Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027/1016-9040/a000396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 122-133

Author(s):

Jelle J. Sijtsema ◽

Elena A. Stolz ◽

Stefan Bogaerts

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Domestic Violence ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Child Maltreatment ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Well Being ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration ◽

Other World ◽

The Individual

Abstract. Recent studies found that there is considerable overlap between perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (CM), suggesting that both types of domestic violence can co-occur. However, there is a lack of consistency about the prevalence of co-occurrence, what unique risk factors and outcomes of co-occurrence are, and whether co-occurrence differs between Europe and other world regions. The aim is thus to review existing evidence and provide a framework for the study of IPV and CM co-occurrence by identifying unique risk factors and outcomes. In total, 12 European studies were identified that examined risk factors of co-occurrence between IPV and CM. Risk factors were distinguished at the individual, dyadic, and broader contextual levels, and compared between Europe and other regions of the world. Despite significant variation between studies, several general patterns were discerned, both globally and region-specific. These insights were used to develop a framework for the explanation of IPV and CM co-occurrence, which has implications for prevention and treatment. Importantly, more awareness and early signaling of risk for co-occurrence may counteract the spill-over from one type of domestic violence into the other to the benefit of children’s safety and well-being.

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Impelling and Inhibiting Forces in the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence

Review of General Psychology ◽

10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.193 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 193-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

Eli J. Finkel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Process Model ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Conceptual Structure ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Stage Process ◽

The Individual ◽

Action Tendencies

The huge corpus of research identifying risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) has outpaced theoretical models explaining how these risk factors combine to exert their effects. This report presents a 2-stage process model investigating how a previously nonviolent interaction between intimate partners escalates to IPV. The first stage examines whether at least one partner experiences strong violence-impelling forces, which lead the individual to experience action tendencies toward IPV. The second examines whether the partner experiencing violence-impelling forces suffers from weak violence-inhibiting forces, which would otherwise serve to override such action tendencies. This model extends previous research by emphasizing the importance of inhibitory processes in IPV and by imposing a new conceptual structure on the identified IPV risk factors.

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Bayesian semi-parametric spatial modelling of intimate partner violence in Namibia using 2013 Demographic Health Survey Data

BMC Women s Health ◽

10.1186/s12905-021-01421-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Oludoyinmola Ojifinni ◽

Innocent Maposa ◽

Latifat Ibisomi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Age Differences ◽

Health Survey ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Educational Level ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Age Difference ◽

Spatial Effects ◽

Linear Effects

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important public health problem with health and socioeconomic consequences and is endemic in Namibia. Studies assessing risk factors for IPV often use logistic and Poisson regression without geographical location information and spatial effects. We used a Bayesian spatial semi-parametric regression model to determine the risk factors for IPV in Namibia; assess the non-linear effects of age difference between partners and determine spatial effects in the different regions on IPV prevalence. Methods We used the couples’ dataset of the 2013–2014 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) obtained on request from Measure DHS. The DHS domestic violence module included 2226 women. We generated a binary variable measuring IPV from the questions “ever experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence?” Covariates included respondent’s educational level, age, couples’ age difference, place of residence and partner’s educational level. All estimation was done with the full Bayesian approach using R version 3.5.2 implementing the R2BayesX package. Results IPV country prevalence was 33.3% (95% CI = 30.1–36.5%); Kavango had the highest [50.6% (95% CI = 41.2–60.1%)] and Oshana the lowest [11.5% (95% CI = 3.2–19.9%)] regional prevalence. IPV prevalence was highest among teenagers [60.8% (95% CI = 36.9–84.7%)]). The spatial semi-parametric model used for adjusted results controlled for regional spatial effects, respondent’s age, age difference, respondent’s years of education, residence, wealth, and education levels. Women with higher education were 50% less likely to experience IPV [aOR: 0.46, 95% CI = 0.23–0.87]. For non-linear effects, the risk of IPV was high for women ≥ 5 years older or ≥ 25 years younger than their partners. Younger and older women had higher risks of IPV than those between 25 and 45 years. For spatial variation of IPV prevalence, northern regions had low spatial effects while western regions had very high spatial effects. Conclusion The prevalence of IPV among Namibia women was high especially among teenagers, with higher educational levels being protective. The risk of IPV was lower in rural than urban areas and higher with wide partner age differences. Interventions and policies for IPV prevention in Namibia are needed for couples with wide age differences as well as for younger women, women with lower educational attainment and in urban and western regions.

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Examining Risk Factors of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in Central America: A Snapshot of Guatemala and Honduras

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology ◽

10.1177/0306624x20981049 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0306624X2098104

Author(s):

Katherine A. Meeker ◽

Brittany E. Hayes ◽

Ryan Randa ◽

Jessica Saunders

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Health Survey ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Social Service Agencies ◽

Intergenerational Transmission Of Violence ◽

Survey Results

The current study examines country-specific risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Guatemalan and Honduran women. More specifically, we examine if (in)equality between partners, experience of controlling or emotionally abusive behavior, and components of the intergenerational transmission of violence significantly affect the risk of lifetime IPV victimization for Guatemalan ( N = 5,645) and Honduran women ( N = 9,427). We address this by analyzing both the 2014 to 2015 Guatemala Demographic and Health Survey and the 2011 to 2012 Honduras Demographic and Health Survey. Results suggest that equality between partners operates differently across the two nations, which is likely related to social norms in each country. In particular, having more decisional input is a protective factor against IPV victimization for Guatemalan women. Increased educational attainment, however, is a risk factor for IPV victimization among Honduran women. Implications, especially as they pertain to social service agencies and programming, are discussed.

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Situational and Developmental Risk Factors for PTSD in Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e517292011-698 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Aran Watson ◽

Kristin W. Samuelson ◽

Christina Wilson ◽

Christiane Burnett

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Developmental Risk ◽

Developmental Risk Factors

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Meta-Analytic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e529382014-245 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Sandra Stith

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Analytic Review

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Factors Distinguishing Reciprocal Versus Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence Across Time and Reporter

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211001475 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110014

Author(s):

Doris F. Pu ◽

Christina M. Rodriguez ◽

Marina D. Dimperio

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Transition To Parenthood ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Self Report ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Couple Functioning ◽

Female Perpetrators ◽

Over Time

Although intimate partner violence (IPV) is often conceptualized as occurring unilaterally, reciprocal or bidirectional violence is actually the most prevalent form of IPV. The current study assessed physical IPV experiences in couples and evaluated risk and protective factors that may be differentially associated with reciprocal and nonreciprocal IPV concurrently and over time. As part of a multi-wave longitudinal study, women and men reported on the frequency of their IPV perpetration and victimization three times across the transition to parenthood. Participants also reported on risk factors related to personal adjustment, psychosocial resources, attitudes toward gender role egalitarianism, and sociodemographic characteristics at each wave. Participants were classified into one of four IPV groups (reciprocal violence, male perpetrators only, female perpetrators only, and no violence) based on their self-report and based on a combined report, which incorporated both partners’ reports of IPV for a maximum estimate of violence. Women and men were analyzed separately, as both can be perpetrators and/or victims of IPV. Cross-sectional analyses using self-reported IPV data indicated that IPV groups were most consistently distinguished by their levels of couple satisfaction, across gender; psychological distress also appeared to differentiate IPV groups, although somewhat less consistently. When combined reports of IPV were used, sociodemographic risk markers (i.e., age, income, and education) in addition to couple functioning were among the most robust factors differentiating IPV groups concurrently, across gender. In longitudinal analyses, sociodemographic vulnerabilities were again among the most consistent factors differentiating subsequent IPV groups over time. Several gender differences were also found, suggesting that different risk factors (e.g., women’s social support and men’s emotion regulation abilities) may need to be targeted in interventions to identify, prevent, and treat IPV among women and men.

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of an intimate partner violence prevention intervention targeting men, women and couples in rural Ethiopia: evidence from the Unite for a Better Life randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042365 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. e042365

Author(s):

Jessica Leight ◽

Negussie Deyessa ◽

Vandana Sharma

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Randomised Controlled Trial ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Community Level ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Randomised Controlled ◽

The Cost

ObjectivesExperience of intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adverse health and psychosocial outcomes for women. However, rigorous economic evaluations of interventions targeting IPV prevention are rare. This paper analyses the cost-effectiveness of Unite for a Better Life (UBL), a gender-transformative intervention designed to prevent IPV and HIV risk behaviours among men, women and couples.DesignWe use an economic evaluation nested within a large-scale cluster randomised controlled trial, analysing financial and economic costs tracked contemporaneously.SettingUBL was implemented in rural southern Ethiopia between 2013 and 2015.ParticipantsThe randomised controlled trial included 6770 households in 64 villages.InterventionsUBL is an intervention delivered within the context of the Ethiopian coffee ceremony, a culturally established forum for community discussion, and designed to assist participants to build skills for healthy, non-violent, equitable relationships.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThis paper reports on the unit cost and cost-effectiveness of the interventions implemented. Cost-effectiveness is measured as the cost per case of past-year physical and/or sexual IPV averted.ResultsThe estimated annualised cost of developing and implementing UBL was 2015 US$296 772, or approximately 2015 US$74 per individual directly participating in the intervention and 2015 US$5 per person annually for each community-level beneficiary (woman of reproductive age in intervention communities). The estimated cost per case of past-year physical and/or sexual IPV averted was 2015 US$2726 for the sample of direct beneficiaries, and 2015 US$194 for the sample of all community-level beneficiaries.ConclusionsUBL is an effective and cost-effective intervention for the prevention of IPV in a low and middle-income country setting. Further research should explore strategies to quantify the positive effects of the intervention across other domains.Trial registration numberNCT02311699 (ClinicalTrials.gov); AEARCTR-0000211 (AEA Registry)

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