scholarly journals Search strategy is regulated by somatostatin signaling and deep brain photoreceptors in zebrafish

BMC Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Horstick ◽  
Yared Bayleyen ◽  
Jennifer L. Sinclair ◽  
Harold A. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Search Strategy ◽  
Deep Brain Photoreceptors ◽  
Deep Brain

scholarly journals Current Knowledge on the Background, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia—Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 4377
Author(s):  
Michał Hutny ◽  
Jagoda Hofman ◽  
Aleksandra Klimkowicz-Mrowiec ◽  
Agnieszka Gorzkowska
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Remedial Strategies ◽  
Primary Drug ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Deep Brain

Levodopa remains the primary drug for controlling motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease through the whole course, but over time, complications develop in the form of dyskinesias, which gradually become more frequent and severe. These abnormal, involuntary, hyperkinetic movements are mainly characteristic of the ON phase and are triggered by excess exogenous levodopa. They may also occur during the OFF phase, or in both phases. Over the past 10 years, the issue of levodopa-induced dyskinesia has been the subject of research into both the substrate of this pathology and potential remedial strategies. The purpose of the present study was to review the results of recent research on the background and treatment of dyskinesia. To this end, databases were reviewed using a search strategy that included both relevant keywords related to the topic and appropriate filters to limit results to English language literature published since 2010. Based on the selected papers, the current state of knowledge on the morphological, functional, genetic and clinical features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia, as well as pharmacological, genetic treatment and other therapies such as deep brain stimulation, are described.

scholarly journals Neural activation in photosensitive brain regions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after light stimulation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0258007
Author(s):  
Mariann Eilertsen ◽  
Benjamin G. J. Clokie ◽  
Lars O. E. Ebbesson ◽  
Cristina Tanase ◽  
Herve Migaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Deep Brain Photoreceptors ◽  
Deep Brain

Photoreceptive inputs to the teleost brain are perceived as image of the visual world and as photo-modulation of neuroendocrine and neuronal signals. The retina and pineal organ are major receptive organs with projections to various parts of the brain, but in the past decades deep brain photoreceptors have emerged as candidates for photoreceptive inputs, either independent or in combination with projections from light sensory organs. This study aimed to test the effects of narrow bandwidth light using light-emitting diodes technology on brain neural activity through putative opsin stimulation in Atlantic salmon. The expression of c-fos, a known marker of neural activity, was compared in situ between dark-adapted salmon parr and following light stimulation with different wavelengths. c-fos expression increased with duration of light stimulation and the strongest signal was obtained in fish exposed to light for 120 minutes. Distinct and specific brain regions were activated following dark to light stimulation, such as the habenula, suprachiasmatic nucleus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The c-fos expression was overlapping with photoreceptors expressing melanopsin and/or vertebrate ancient opsin, suggesting a potential direct activation by light. Interestingly in the habenula, a distinct ring of vertebrate ancient opsin and melanopsin expressing cells is overlapping with c-fos expression after neural activation. Salmon exposed to different spectra had neural activation in similar brain regions. The most apparent difference was melanopsin expression in the lateral cells of the lateral tuberal nuclus in the hypothalamus, which appeared to be specifically activated by red light. Light-stimulated neuronal activity in the deep brain was limited to subpopulations of neurons, mainly in regions with neuronal modulation activity, retinal and pineal innervations and known presence of nonvisual photoreceptors. The overlapping expression patterns of c-fos and nonvisual opsins support direct light stimulation of deep brain photoreceptors and the importance of these systems in light induced brain activity.

scholarly journals Expression of deep brain photoreceptors in the Pekin drake: a possible role in the maintenance of testicular function

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 2908-2919 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Haas ◽  
E. Alenciks ◽  
S. Meddle ◽  
G.S. Fraley
Keyword(s):  
Testicular Function ◽  
Deep Brain Photoreceptors ◽  
Deep Brain

scholarly journals Current Knowledge on the Background, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia – Literature Review.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Jan Hutny ◽  
Jagoda Maria Hofman ◽  
Aleksandra Klimkowicz-Mrowiec ◽  
Agnieszka Gorzkowska
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Remedial Strategies ◽  
Primary Drug ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Deep Brain

Levodopa remains the primary drug for controlling motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease through the whole course, but over time complications develop in the form of dyskinesias, which gradually become more frequent and severe. These abnormal, involuntary, hyperkinetic movements are mostly characteristic of the ON phase and reflect an excess of exogenous levodopa. They may also occur during OFF phase, or in both phases. Over the past 10 years, the issue of levodopa-induced dyskinesia has been the subject of research into both the substrate of this pathology and potential remedial strategies. The purpose of the present study was to review the results of recent research on the background and treatment of dyskinesia. To this end, databases were reviewed using a search strategy that included both relevant keywords related to the topic and appropriate filters to limit results to English-language literature published since 2010. Based on the selected papers, the current state of knowledge on morphological, functional, genetic, and clinical features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia, as well as pharmacological, genetic treatment and other therapies such as deep brain stimulation are described.

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