scholarly journals Forest work and its implications for malaria elimination: a qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nou Sanann ◽  
Thomas J. Peto ◽  
Rupam Tripura ◽  
James J. Callery ◽  
Chea Nguon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Presumptive Treatment ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Over the last 20 years, malaria incidence has decreased across the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) and the emergence of artemisinin resistance has stimulated efforts to accelerate regional elimination. In the GMS, the malaria transmission is focused increasingly in forested zones. This article describes forest-going activities and examines forest workers’ attitudes to and experiences of malaria prevention and control in north-eastern Cambodia. Methods In Stung Treng Province, Cambodia, 19 in-depth interviews were conducted in villages with participants recently diagnosed with uncomplicated falciparum malaria who reported working in forests. Two focus group discussions with respondents’ forest-working peers were held. Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded transcribed, and translated for thematic analysis. Results Forest work is an essential source of income for respondents. Many combine it with farming, which influences the timing and duration of forest visits. Forest activities include logging and collecting other forest products, particularly malva nuts. Men log year-round, whereas gathering forest products is seasonal and can involve entire families. Forest workers sleep chiefly in unimpregnated hammock nets in make-shift encampments. Respondents are concerned about symptomatic malaria, but unfamiliar with the concept of asymptomatic infection. They view the forest as an area of potential malaria infection and seek to protect themselves from mosquito bites through wearing long-sleeved clothes, using repellents, and lighting fires. Forest workers express a willingness to self-test and self-administer anti-malarials. Conclusions Forest workers’ behaviour and perceptions of risk indicate that improvements are needed to current control measures. There is potential to: better target distribution of impregnated hammock nets; offer curative or presumptive treatment while in forests; and expand access to screening. Establishing the efficacy and feasibility of prophylaxis for forest workers in the GMS is a priority.

scholarly journals Anopheline Mosquitoes and the Malaria Scourge

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Ozioma Forstinus Nwabor
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Anopheline Mosquito ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Dreaded Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Anopheline Mosquitoes ◽  
New Strategies

The high prevalence of malaria in Africa has defiled many strategies aimed at its eradication. Researchers from various fields have tried without success in this fight against mosquito and its malaria disease. Annually billions of dollars are spent in the design of programs which are aimed at combating this dreaded disease. However all this spending seems to go down the drain as malaria and its vector mosquitoes celebrate their unflinching victory. Current control measures focusing on ways of preventing the disease vis-a-vis, protect man from the vectors “anopheline mosquito” are the mainstay of malaria prevention and control. Many of these control measures are operational with each contributing in its little way. The use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITN) and Indoor Residual Sprays (IRS) are well established strategies with global recognition and currently ongoing in Africa. However, as a result of shortcomings in these major control measures, new strategies with hopes of blissful success are been sought after. Larviciding (abortion of metamorphosis) and constant and adequate environmental sanitation seems to be the next option available for use. This article therefore takes a look at the vector-anopheline mosquito, its ecology, productivity and distribution. It also considers malaria and the various control and preventive measures currently targeted at its eradication.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effectiveness of measures to control the novel coronavirus disease 2019 in Jilin Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglong Zhao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Meina Li ◽  
Zeyu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Based on differences in populations and prevention and control measures, the spread of new coronary pneumonia in different countries and regions also differs. This study aimed to calculate the transmissibility of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to control the disease in Jilin Province, China. Methods The data of reported COVID-19 cases were collected, including imported and local cases from Jilin Province as of March 14, 2019. A Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Asymptomatic–Recovered/Removed (SEIAR) model was developed to fit the data, and the effective reproduction number (Reff) was calculated at different stages in the province. Finally, the effectiveness of the measures was assessed. Results A total of 97 COVID-19 infections were reported in Jilin Province, among which 45 were imported infections (including one asymptomatic infection) and 52 were local infections (including three asymptomatic infections). The model fit the reported data well (R2 = 0.593, P < 0.001). The Reff of COVID-19 before and after February 1, 2020 was 1.64 and 0.05, respectively. Without the intervention taken on February 1, 2020, the predicted cases would have reached a peak of 177,011 on October 22, 2020 (284 days from the first case). The projected number of cases until the end of the outbreak (on October 9, 2021) would have been 17,129,367, with a total attack rate of 63.66%. Based on the comparison between the predicted incidence of the model and the actual incidence, the comprehensive intervention measures implemented in Jilin Province on February 1 reduced the incidence of cases by 99.99%. Therefore, according to the current measures and implementation efforts, Jilin Province can achieve good control of the virus’s spread. Conclusions COVID-19 has a moderate transmissibility in Jilin Province, China. The interventions implemented in the province had proven effective; increasing social distancing and a rapid response by the prevention and control system will help control the spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Is this Evidence of Success in Malaria Prevention and Control Measures?

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-010
Author(s):  
Omotayo O. Ebong ◽  
◽  
Ijeoma H. Ogbuehi ◽  
Chijioke A. Nwauche ◽  
Ruth E. Umoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting, Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endashaw Esayas ◽  
Asefa Tufa ◽  
Fekadu Massebo ◽  
Abdulhamid Ahemed ◽  
Ibssa Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
And Control

Abstract Abstract Background: Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the last two decades. Based on the progress, the country shifted from control to elimination of malaria. This study was conducted to analyse trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective malaria data recorded from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed from Harari Region, eastern Ethiopia. In addition, three years malaria data were used to assess the sub-district ( kebele ) level stratification of malaria incidence. Results: A total of 44,882 (46.9%) malaria cases were detected from 95,629 malaria-suspected outpatient diagnosed in Harari Region from 2013 to 2019. Of these, 41,046 were confirmed malaria cases (microscopically and rapid diagnostic test) while 3,836 were reported as clinical cases. In the region, malaria trend was fluctuating year to year, the high peak was reported in 2016 but malaria cases showed decreasing trend in number of malaria cases from 2017 to 2019. Plasmodium falciparum , P. vivax and mixed infections were accounted for 69.2%, 30.6% and 0.2% of the cases, respectively. The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts, higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Jenella, Erer and Amir Nur districts, and about 80% of the cases were from these districts. According to the latest (2019) sub-district ( kebele ) level epidemiological data of malaria stratification, 8.3% of the sub-districts in the Harari region reported no malaria and a majority (61.1%) of sub-districts reported fewer than five cases per thousand population. Furthermore, there were no high malaria strata in the Region. The highest peak of malaria cases in the Region was reported from September to November followed by from April to May. Conclusions: In the Harari Region, the retrospective malaria data showed a significant declining trend. Thus, if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts, planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible. Key words: Elimination, Harari region, Ethiopia, Incidence, Malaria, Sub-district, Stratification

Grey relational evaluation of impact and control of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawiah Kwatekwei Quartey-Papafio ◽  
Sifeng Liu ◽  
Sara Javed
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control ◽  
Grey Relational ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The rise in malaria deaths discloses a decline of global malaria eradication that shows that control measures and fund distribution have missed its right of way. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate the impact and control of malaria on the independent states of the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region over the time period of 2010–2017 using Deng’s Grey incidence analysis, absolute degree GIA and second synthetic degree GIA model. Design/methodology/approach The purposive data sampling is a secondary data from World Developmental Indicators indicating the incidence of new malaria cases (per 1,000 population at risk) for 45 independent states in SSA. GIA models were applied on array sequences into a single relational grade for ranking to be obtained and analyzed to evaluate trend over a predicted period. Findings Grey relational analysis classifies West Africa as the highly infectious region of malaria incidence having Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Benin, Liberia and Gambia suffering severely. Also, results indicate Southern Africa to be the least of all affected in the African belt that includes Eswatini, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique. But, predictions revealed that the infection rate is expected to fall in West Africa, whereas the least vulnerable countries will experience a rise in malaria incidence through to the next ten years. Therefore, this study draws the attention of all stakeholders and interest groups to adopt effective policies to fight malaria. Originality/value The study is a pioneer to unravel the most vulnerable countries in the SSA region as far as the incidence of new malaria cases is a concern through the use of second synthetic GIA model. The outcome of the study is substantial to direct research funds to control and eliminate malaria.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effectiveness of countermeasures to control the novel coronavirus disease 2019 in Jilin Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglong Zhao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Meina Li ◽  
Zeyu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective: Based on differences in populations and prevention and control measures, the spread of new coronary pneumonia in different countries and regions also differs. This study aimed to calculate the transmissibility of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures to control the disease in Jilin Province, China. Methods: The data of reported COVID-19 cases were collected, including imported and local cases from Jilin Province as of March 14, 2019. A Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Asymptomatic–Recovered (SEIAR) model was developed to fit the data, and the effective reproduction number ( R eff ) was calculated at different stages in the province. Finally, the effectiveness of the countermeasures was assessed. Results: A total of 97 COVID-19 infections were reported in Jilin Province, among which 45 were imported infections (including one asymptomatic infection) and 52 were local infections (including three asymptomatic infections). The model fit well with the reported data ( R 2 = 0.593, P < 0.001). The R eff of COVID-19 before and after February 1, 2020 was 1.64 and 0.05, respectively. Without the intervention taken on February 1, 2020, the predicted cases would reach a peak of 177,011 on October 22, 2020 (284 days from the first case). The projected number of cases until the end of the outbreak (on October 9, 2021) would be 17,129,367, with a total attack rate of 63.66%. Based on the comparison between the predicted incidence of the model and the actual incidence, the comprehensive intervention measures implemented in Jilin Province on February 1 reduced the incidence of cases by 99.99%. Therefore, according to the current measures and implementation efforts, Jilin Province can achieve good control of the virus’s spread. Conclusions: COVID-19 has a moderate transmissibility in Jilin Province, China. The interventions implemented in the province had proved effective, increasing social distancing and a rapid response by the prevention and control system will help control the spread of the disease.

Rabies epidemiology and control in Turkey: past and present

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. JOHNSON ◽  
H. UN ◽  
A. R. FOOKS ◽  
C. FREULING ◽  
T. MÜLLER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Current State ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYTurkey is the only country in Europe where urban dog-mediated rabies persists. Control measures in recent decades have reduced the burden of rabies to relatively low levels but foci of disease still persist, particularly in urban areas. Occasional human cases result from this persistence although the source of these appears to be both dog and wildlife reservoirs. This review considers the current state of rabies in Turkey including current control measures, the varying epidemiology of the disease throughout this country and the prospects for rabies elimination.

scholarly journals Safety and effectiveness of mass drug administration to accelerate elimination of artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria: A pilot trial in four villages of Eastern Myanmar

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Landier ◽  
Ladda Kajeechiwa ◽  
May Myo Thwin ◽  
Daniel M. Parker ◽  
Victor Chaumeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Antimalarial Resistance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

Background: Artemisinin and partner drug-resistant falciparum malaria is expanding over the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). Eliminating falciparum malaria in the GMS while drugs still retain enough efficacy could prevent global spread of antimalarial resistance. Eliminating malaria rapidly requires targeting the reservoir of asymptomatic parasite carriers. This pilot trial aimed to evaluate the acceptability, safety, feasibility and effectiveness of mass-drug administration (MDA) in reducing malaria in four villages in Eastern Myanmar. Methods: Villages with ≥30% malaria prevalence were selected. Long-lasting insecticidal bednets (LLINs) and access to malaria early diagnosis and treatment (EDT) were provided. Two villages received MDA immediately and two were followed for nine months pre-MDA. MDA consisted of a 3-day supervised course of  dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and single low-dose primaquine administered monthly for three months. Adverse events (AE) were monitored by interviews and consultations. Malaria prevalence was assessed by ultrasensitive PCR quarterly for 24 months. Symptomatic malaria incidence,entomological indices, and antimalarial resistance markers were monitored. Results: MDA was well tolerated. There were no serious AE and mild to moderate AE were reported in 5.6%(212/3931) interviews. In the smaller villages, participation to three MDA courses was 61% and 57%, compared to 28% and 29% in the larger villages. Baseline prevalence was higher in intervention than in control villages (18.7% (95%CI=16.1-21.6) versus 6.8%(5.2-8.7), p<0.0001) whereas three months after starting MDA, prevalence was lower in intervention villages (0.4%(0.04-1.3) versus 2.7%(1.7-4.1), p=0.0014). After nine months the difference was no longer significant (2.0%(1.0-3.5) versus 0.9%(0.04-1.8), p=0.10). M0-M9 symptomatic falciparum incidence was similar between intervention and control. Before/after MDA comparisons showed that asymptomatic P. falciparum carriage and anopheline vector positivity decreased significantly whereas prevalence of the artemisinin-resistance molecular marker remained stable. Conclusions: This MDA was safe and feasible, and, could accelerate elimination of P. falciparum in addition to EDT and LLINs when community participation was sufficient.

scholarly journals Knowledge of malaria prevention and control methods and associated factors among rural households in West Belesa district, North West Ethiopia, 2019.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsigie Baye Aragie
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Ethiopia ◽  
And Control ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Abstract Introduction: In Ethiopia malaria is one of the top ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality.The two major malaria prevention services implemented in Ethiopia are targeted Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) with insecticides and distribution of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN). Community knowledge towards prevention and control methods had been proven to play important role for the implementation of effective and sustainable interventions against malaria. This information is limited in the study area regarding to knowledge and practice on malaria prevention and control. This study aimed to assess knowledge towards malaria prevention and control methods and its associated factors among households in West Bellessa district, 2019. Methods: Community based cross-sectional mixed quantitative and qualitative study was conducted from April to June 2019 in West Bellessa district, Amhara region, North West Ethiopia. Multistage sampling was used to select an estimated sample size of 770. Pretested structured questionnaire was used for the quantitative component and semi-structured questionnaire for qualitative one. Quantitative data were coded and entered using Epi info software version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the associated factors. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) was used to assess the strength of association. The qualitative data transcribed manually in thematic approach. Result: A total of 770 subjects were included in this study with 99.5% response rate. Of the total respondents 75.6% had good compressive knowledge about malaria prevention measures. Poorest wealth quintiles [AOR= 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.73], poor wealth quintiles [AOR= 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.70], and medium wealth quintiles [AOR= 0.41, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.75], living in Menti Kebele [AOR= 3.01, 95% CI 1.87, 5.15], living in Abay tera kebele [AOR= 2.03, 95% CI 1.23, 3.34] were significantly associated with compressive knowledge about malaria prevention control.Conclusion: In overall there was relatively high knowledge of malaria prevention and control measures. There was decrement in the effect of LLIN and IRS as compared with the previous brands. Wealth index and respondents living kebele are predictors for malaria prevention knowledge of malaria.

scholarly journals Trends in Malaria Cases and Stratification of Malaria Incidence in the Malaria Elimination Setting, Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endashaw Esayas ◽  
Kebede Deribe ◽  
Fekadu Massebo ◽  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Asefa Tufa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Ethiopia has shown a notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the last two decades. Based on the progress, the country shifted from control to elimination of malaria. This study was conducted to analyse trends in malaria cases and stratification of malaria incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective malaria data recorded from 2013 to 2019 were reviewed from Harari Region, eastern Ethiopia. In addition, three years malaria data were used to assess the sub-district (kebele) level stratification of malaria incidence.Results: A total of 44,882 (46.9%) malaria cases were detected from 95,629 malaria-suspected outpatient diagnosed in Harari Region from 2013 to 2019. Of these, 41,046 were confirmed malaria cases (microscopically and rapid diagnostic test) while 3,836 were reported as clinical cases. In the region, malaria trend was fluctuating year to year, the high peak was reported in 2016 but malaria cases showed decreasing trend in number of malaria cases from 2017 to 2019. Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infections were accounted for 69.2%, 30.6% and 0.2% of the cases, respectively. The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts, higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Jenella, Erer and Amir Nur districts, and about 80% of the cases were from these districts. According to the latest (2019) sub-district (kebele) level epidemiological data of malaria stratification, 8.3% of the sub-districts in the Harari region reported no malaria and a majority (61.1%) of sub-districts reported fewer than five cases per thousand population. Furthermore, there were no high malaria strata in the Region. The highest peak of malaria cases in the Region was reported from September to November followed by from April to May.Conclusions: In the Harari Region, the retrospective malaria data showed a significant declining trend. Thus, if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts, planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible.

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