scholarly journals IFN-λ4 genetic variants influence clinical malaria episodes in a cohort of Kenyan children

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Samayoa-Reyes ◽  
Conner Jackson ◽  
Sidney Ogolla ◽  
Katherine Sabourin ◽  
Adeola Obajemu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Taqman Assay ◽  
First Episode ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Type Iii Ifn ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Malaria Episodes

Abstract Background Interferon (IFN)- λ4, a type III IFN, production is controlled by a dinucleotide frameshift variant (rs368234815-dG/TT) within the first exon of the IFNL4 gene. Carriers of the IFNL4-dG allele but not the IFNL4-TT allele are able to produce the IFN-λ4 protein. Patients with hepatitis C virus that do not produce the IFN-λ4 protein have higher rates of viral clearance suggesting a potential inhibitory role of IFN-λ4 in liver-tropic infections. Methods In this study, it was investigated whether children infected with Plasmodium falciparum, which has a well-characterized liver stage infection, would be more susceptible to clinical malaria relative to their IFNL4-rs368234815 allele. A cohort of 122 children from a malaria holoendemic region of Kenya was analysed. Episodes of clinical malaria and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were determined using information collected from birth to 2 years of age. The dinucleotide frameshift variant IFNL4-rs368234815-dG/TT was genotyped using a TaqMan assay. Results In this cohort, 33% of the study participants had the dG/dG genotype, 45% had the dG/TT genotype, and 22% had TT/TT genotype. The number and time to first episode of clinical malaria and URTIs with respect to the IFNL4-rs368234815 allele was evaluated. It was found that children that carried the IFNL4-rs368234815-dG allele had an increased number of clinical malaria episodes. In addition, there was a significant association between earlier age of first malaria infection with carriers of the IFNL4-dG allele (p-value: 0.021). Conclusion The results suggest that the ability to produce IFN-λ4 negatively affects host immune protection against P. falciparum malaria in Kenyan children.

scholarly journals IFN-λ4 Genetic Variants Influence Clinical Malaria Episodes in A Cohort of Kenyan Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Samayoa Reyes ◽  
Conner Jackson ◽  
Sidney Ogolla ◽  
Katherine Sabourin ◽  
Adeola Obajemu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Taqman Assay ◽  
First Episode ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Liver Stage ◽  
Type Iii Ifn ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Malaria Episodes

Abstract Background: Interferon (IFN)- λ4, a type III IFN, production is controlled by a dinucleotide frameshift variant (rs368234815-dG/TT) within the first exon of the IFNL4 gene. Carriers of the IFNL4-dG allele but not the IFNL4-TT allele are able to produce the IFN-λ4 protein. Patients with hepatitis C virus that do not produce the IFN-λ4 protein have higher rates of viral clearance suggesting a potential inhibitory role of IFN-λ4 in liver-tropic infections.Methods: In this study, we investigated whether children infected with Plasmodium falciparum, which has a well-characterized liver stage infection, would be more susceptible to clinical malaria relative to their IFNL4- rs368234815 allele. We analyzed a cohort of 122 children from a malaria holoendemic region of Kenya. Episodes of clinical malaria and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were determined using information collected from birth to two years of age. The dinucleotide frameshift variant IFNL4-rs368234815-dG/TT was genotyped using a TaqMan assay.Results: In this cohort, we found that 33% had the dG/dG genotype, 45 % had the dG/TT genotype, and 22% had TT/TT genotype. We evaluated the number and time to first episode of clinical malaria and URTIs with respect to the IFNL4-rs368234815 allele. We found that children that carried the IFNL4-rs368234815-dG allele had an increased number of clinical malaria episodes. In addition, there was a significant association between earlier age of first malaria infection with carriers of the IFNL4-dG allele (p-value: 0.021).Conclusion: Our results suggest that the ability to produce IFN-λ4 negatively affects host immune protection against P. falciparum malaria in Kenyan children.Classification: Immunology, Microbiology, Genetics

scholarly journals A role of oropharyngeal microbiota in developing acute and chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-367
Author(s):  
I. I. Ababii ◽  
L. A. Danilov ◽  
M. K. Maniuc ◽  
P. I. Ababii ◽  
S. S. Ghinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Chronic Tonsillitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Currently, a rise in incidence of polyethological inflammation of the upper respiratory tract mucosa paralleled by altered resident and transient microbiota displaying in many cases increased antibiotic resistance has been noted. Opportunistic microbes play a major role in developing inflammatory process in Pirogov–Waldeyer’s ring. An inflammatory process occurring in the tonsillar lymphatic tissue results in host systemic complications. Fighting against acute and chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract holds the main task in pediatric otorhinolaryngology, as they can consequently elicit the cardiovascular, genitourinary and musculoskeletal complications. The results of studies examining this issue remain very contradictory, which accounted for a need to conduct our study on the territory of Moldova featured with mixed climatic conditions. Here, we wanted to study a role of microbial factor in etiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis in children. Bacteriological microbiota data for superficial palatine tonsils were obtained form 608 children subdivided into 5 groups: group I — 333 children with compensated chronic tonsillitis; group II — 87 children with decompensated chronic tonsillitis; group III — 91 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections (comparison group); group IV — 48 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections treated with antibiotic therapy; group V — 49 apparently healthy children (control group). It was found that β-hemolytic streptococcus exerting high sensitivity to virtually all antibiotics groups was detected in 17.4% of children with acute tonsilar inflammatory processes and decompensated defense in the lymphatic pharyngeal ring compared to 3.5% in control group. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in all study groups ranging within 4.8–21.7%, including 14% in apparently healthy children characterized by reduced antibiotics sensitivity. The data obtained suggest that sickly children with acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infections constitute a risk group for developing somatic diseases. The high incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae indicates a need for performing immunoprophylaxis, use of therapeutic vaccination as a up-to-date, combined approach in treatment of such pediatric cohort.

scholarly journals The Relationship Of The Utilization Of Sanitation Clinic With The Prevention Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Disease In Majasem Public Health Center Working Area Cirebon City 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Dina Aulya Wahab ◽  
Mitha Erlisya Puspandhani ◽  
Shella Febiana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Public Health Office ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Utilization of clinical sanitation is where people use clinical sanitation room and follow activity in clinical saanitation. Efforts to prevent diseases of the upper respiratory tract, namely to prevent direct or indirect contact with patients with upper respiratory tract infections and using PPE, maintaining environmental cleanliness, maintaining personal hygiene with clean and healthy living behaviors in the household order. Depend on data of Public Health Office Cirebon at 2018, achievement program clinical sanitation just reach clinical sanitation is 30%, number of ISPA cases reach number 26.142 people. This research uses correlation descriptive, approach with cross sectional. Population is all of people in Puskesmas Working Area Cirebon as much 2.506 people. Sample technic which use is purposiv sampling technic as much 97 people. Instrumen which uses this research is questionare. Result of research shows 97 responden total responden which utilize clinical sanitation as much 88 responden or 90,7% more than which not utilize clinical sanitation as much 9,3%. P value which is got as bis as 0,00 and smller of value a = 0,05. This result shows that there is relation utilization of clinical sanitation which prevent ISPA disease in Puskesmas Working Area Majasem Cirebon.  Be expected that the agency more improve clinical sanitation program and educate the public related importance to maintain environmental health.

scholarly journals Pattern of deep neck space infections at a tertiary hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Shova Maharjan ◽  
RR Joshi ◽  
AS Rijal ◽  
A Dhungana ◽  
KK Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Causative Organism ◽  
P Value ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neck Abscess ◽  
Ludwig’S Angina ◽  
Deep Neck Abscess ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Ludwig's Angina

Deep neck space infection is characterized by infections of the deep neck space either in the form of abscess or cellulitis. Common infective conditions like aero-digestive tract infections like tonsillitis, pharyngitis and dental infections can lead to infection of the deep neck spaces. This can prove fatal in the form of acute respiratory obstruction, descending mediastinitis and septic shock. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Nepal Medical College from July 2017 to June 2019. All the patients diagnosed as deep neck abscess were enrolled in the study and pus was collected and sent for gram stain and culture and sensitivity. Out of 87 patients, 50 were females and 37 males. The mean age was 24.2 years. Peritonsillar abscess was the commonest space involved followed by submandibular abscess and Ludwig’s angina (36.8%,24.1% and 11.5%). Upper respiratory tract infections (32.2%) and dental caries (27.6%) were the commonest source of infection. Empyema thoracis was seen as a complication in a patient of Ludwig’s angina. Growth in the sample accounted for 33.3%. The commonest organism found was Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (10.3%), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (6.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.6%), Enterococcus species (3.4%) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (3.4%) respectively. The growth between the culture with or without previous antibiotic exposure were statistically significant (p-value-0.04) which suggest that inadvertent use of antibiotics lead to difficulty in identifying causative organism. Deep neck abscess is a dreadful condition, therefore proper knowledge, early detection and timely intervention of the disease can prevent complications.

The Role of Bacterial Interference in Otitis, Sinusitis and Tonsillitis

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Brook
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Interference

Bacterial interactions that include antagonism (interference) and synergism help maintain balance between the members of the normal endogenous flora. Alpha-streptococci that predominate in the normal respiratory tract flora attracted most attention in studies of bacterial interference. Other organisms that possess interfering characteristics in upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are nonhemolytic streptococci, and Prevotella and Peptostreptococcus spp. The production of bacteriocins by some microorganisms is one of the important mechanisms of interference. The role of bacterial interference in the development of URTI and its effect on the eradication of these infections is discussed. These infections include pharyngo-tonsillitis, otitis media, and sinusitis. Treatment with various antimicrobial agents can affect the balance between members of the oro-pharyngeal bacterial flora and interfering organisms. Implantation into the indigenous microflora of low virulence bacterial strains that are potentially capable of interfering with colonization and infection with other more virulent organisms has been used in preliminary studies as a means of coping with the failure of antimicrobials in the treatment of several URTI.

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