scholarly journals Towards the use of a smartphone imaging-based tool for point-of-care detection of asymptomatic low-density malaria parasitaemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlee J. Colbert ◽  
Katrina Co ◽  
Giselle Lima-Cooper ◽  
Dong Hoon Lee ◽  
Katherine N. Clayton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluorescent Nanoparticles ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Dunnett's Test ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Globally, there are over 200 million cases of malaria annually and over 400,000 deaths. Early and accurate detection of low-density parasitaemia and asymptomatic individuals is key to achieving the World Health Organization (WHO) 2030 sustainable development goals of reducing malaria-related deaths by 90% and eradication in 35 countries. Current rapid diagnostic tests are neither sensitive nor specific enough to detect the low parasite concentrations in the blood of asymptomatic individuals. Methods Here, an imaging-based sensing technique, particle diffusometry (PD), is combined with loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) on a smartphone-enabled device to detect low levels of parasitaemia often associated with asymptomatic malaria. After amplification, PD quantifies the Brownian motion of fluorescent nanoparticles in the solution during a 30 s video taken on the phone. The resulting diffusion coefficient is used to detect the presence of Plasmodium DNA amplicons. The coefficients of known negative samples are compared to positive samples using a one-way ANOVA post-hoc Dunnett’s test for confirmation of amplification. Results As few as 3 parasite/µL of blood was detectable in 45 min without DNA extraction. Plasmodium falciparum parasites were detected from asymptomatic individuals’ whole blood samples with 89% sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Conclusions PD-LAMP is of value for the detection of low density parasitaemia especially in areas where trained personnel may be scarce. The demonstration of this smartphone biosensor paired with the sensitivity of LAMP provides a proof of concept to achieve widespread asymptomatic malaria testing at the point of care.

scholarly journals Towards the Use of a Smartphone Imaging-Based Tool for Point-of-Care Detection of Asymptomatic Low-Density Malaria Parasitemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashlee Joi Colbert ◽  
Katrina Co ◽  
Giselle Lima-Cooper ◽  
Dong Hoon Lee ◽  
Katherine Clayton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Fluorescent Nanoparticles ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Point Of Care Detection

Abstract Background: Globally, there are over 200 million cases of malaria annually and over 400,000 deaths. Early and accurate detection of low density parasitemia and asymptomatic individuals is key to achieving the WHO’s 2030 sustainable development goals of reducing malaria-related deaths by 90% and eradication in 35 countries. Current rapid diagnostic tests are neither sensitive nor specific enough to detect the low parasite concentrations in the blood of some asymptomatic individuals. Methods: Here, we combine an imaging-based sensing technique, particle diffusometry (PD), with loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) on a smartphone-enabled device to detect low levels of parasitemia often associated with asymptomatic malaria. After amplification, PD quantifies the Brownian motion of fluorescent nanoparticles in the solution during a 30 second video taken on the phone. The resulting diffusion coefficient is used to detect the presence of Plasmodium DNA amplicons by comparing to coefficients of negative samples using a one-way ANOVA test.Results: As few as 1 parasite/µL of blood was detectable in 45 minutes without DNA extraction. We detected Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) parasites from asymptomatic individuals’ whole blood samples with 89% sensitivity and 100% specificity when compared to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Conclusions: PD-LAMP is of value for the detection of low density parasitemia especially in areas where trained personnel may be scarce. The demonstration of this smartphone biosensor paired with the sensitivity of LAMP provides a proof of concept to achieve widespread asymptomatic malaria testing at the point of care.

scholarly journals A 3D-printed magnetic digital microfluidic diagnostic platform for rapid colorimetric sensing of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pojchanun Kanitthamniyom ◽  
Pei Yun Hon ◽  
Aiwu Zhou ◽  
Mohammad Yazid Abdad ◽  
Zhi Yun Leow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
World Health ◽  
Colorimetric Sensing ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Reaction Chambers ◽  
Technological Platform ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Digital Microfluidic

AbstractCarbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are a group of drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens that are classified as a critical threat by the World Health Organization (WHO). Conventional methods of detecting antibiotic-resistant pathogens do not assess the resistance mechanism and are often time-consuming and laborious. We have developed a magnetic digital microfluidic (MDM) platform, known as MDM Carba, for the identification of CPE by measuring their ability to hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics. MDM Carba offers the ability to rapidly test CPE and reduce the amount of reagents used compared with conventional phenotypic testing. On the MDM Carba platform, tests are performed in droplets that function as reaction chambers, and fluidic operations are accomplished by manipulating these droplets with magnetic force. The simple droplet-based magnetic fluidic operation allows easy system automation and simplified hands-on operation. Because of the unique “power-free” operation of MDM technology, the MDM Carba platform can also be operated manually, showing great potential for point-of-care testing in resource-limited settings. We tested 27 bacterial isolates on the MDM Carba platform, and the results showed sensitivity and specificity that were comparable to those of the widely used Carba NP test. MDM Carba may shorten the overall turnaround time for CPE identification, thereby enabling more timely clinical decisions for better clinical outcomes. MDM Carba is a technological platform that can be further developed to improve diagnostics for other types of antibiotic resistance with minor modifications.

KESEHATAN IBU HAMIL DARI PERSPEKTIF SOSIAL CULTURE/BUDAYA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miftahul Jannah
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization

Indonesia sehat adalah suatu gambaran kondisi Indonesia di masa depan, yakni masyarakat, bangsa, dan negara yang ditandai oleh penduduknya hidup dalam lingkungan dengan perilaku hidup sehat, memiliki kemampuan menjangkau pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata, serta mencapai derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya di seluruh wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Visi Depkes 2010-2014 yaitu masyarakat sehat yang mandiri dan berkeadilan (Depkes, 2010). Setiap negara memiliki tolak ukur dalam pencapaian derajat kesehatan, diIndonesia salah satu indikator dalam pencapaian derajat kesehatan masyarakat sehat yang mandiri dan berkeadilan sesuai dengan visi Depkes 2010 –2014 adalah dengan target menurunkan kematian Ibu (AKI) dan angka kematian bayi (AKB) yang masih tinggi (Ronald, 2011).World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan angka kematian maternal di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 100 sampai 1.000 lebih per 100.000 dari kelahiran hidup. Hasil laporan kemajuan pencapaian Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) tahun 2007 Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) di Indonesia masih mencapai 307 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, tertinggi di Asia Tenggara (Sukowati, 2008). Dan berdasarkan Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) pada tahun 2012 jumlah AKI di Indonesia yaitu 359 per 100 ribu kelahiran hidup (Depkes, 2012). Berdasarkan laporan diperkirakan 50.000.000 ibu setiap tahunnya mengalami masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan komplikasi –komplikasi kehamilan, persalinan dan nifas.komplikasi yang adakaitannya dengan kehamilan berjumlah sekitar 18 % dari jumlah global penyakit yang di derita wanita pada usia reproduksi. Dan diperkirakan 40 % wanita hamil akan mengalami komplikasi sepanjang kehamilannya (Ronald, 2011). Menurut Ronald (2010) diperkirakan dari setiap ibu yang meninggal dalam kehamilan, karena menderita komplikasi, diakibatkan karena adanya penyebab langsung dan tidak langsung dari kematian ibu tersebut. Penyebab utama kematian ibu yaitu adanya perdarahan (25 %), sepsis (15%), hipertensi dalam kehamilan (12%), partus macet (8 %), komplikasi aborsi tidak aman (13%), dan penyebab lain (8%) maka penyebab tidak langsung dari kematian ibu seperti anemia. Sebab kematian ibu , mulai dari kehamilan itu sendiri terdapat banyak masalah yang salah satunya kehamilan dengan mitos –mitos yang baik sadar atau tidak disadari selalu hidup secara turun temurun dalam masyarakat. Mitos-mitos kehamilan ini dapat memberikan pengaruh bagi perilaku ibu hamil baik itu positif maupun negative. Dari penyebab kematian ibu tersebut masalah kematian maupun kesakitan dan kunjungan pemeriksaan kehamilan pada ibu tidak terlepas dari faktor sosial budaya dan lingkungan di dalam masyarakat. Disadari atau tidak faktor kebudayaan, kepercayaan dan pengetahuan budaya seperti berbagai pantangan, hubungan sebab akibat, antara makanan dan kondisi sehat sakit, kebiasaan, dan ketidaktahuan, seringkali membawa dampak positif maupun negatif terhadap kesehatan ibu. Pengetahuan, sosial dan budaya ibu yang sedang hamil akan memengaruhi kesehatan ibu saat hamil.

scholarly journals Mitigation/Adaptation and Health: Health Policymaking in the Global Response to Climate Change and Implications for other Upstream Determinants

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay F. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Health ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
The Face ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Development Objectives

In coming decades, enhanced global health governance will be crucial to achieving international health and development objectives in the face of a number of challenges; this article focuses on one of them. Climate change, which is now widely recognized as the defining challenge of the 21st century, will make the work of ensuring the conditions in which people can be healthy more difficult in a myriad of ways. Scientists from both the health and climate communities have been highlighting the significant interaction between climate and health for decades and have made significant strides in integrating health and environmental research. Those of us in the law and policy community have been a bit slow to catch up, and have only just begun to call for better integration of our responses to health and environmental concerns. Environmental health specialists at the World Health Organization have recently pointed to a mandate for better integration of health and environmental concerns within the United Nations system. The Millennium Development Goals interweave health, environmental, and development concerns.

KESEHATAN IBU HAMIL DARI PERSPEKTIF SOSIAL CULTURE/BUDAYA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miftahul Jannah
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization

Indonesia sehat adalah suatu gambaran kondisi Indonesia di masa depan, yakni masyarakat, bangsa, dan negara yang ditandai oleh penduduknya hidup dalam lingkungan dengan perilaku hidup sehat, memiliki kemampuan menjangkau pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu secara adil dan merata, serta mencapai derajat kesehatan yang setinggi-tingginya di seluruh wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Visi Depkes 2010-2014 yaitu masyarakat sehat yang mandiri dan berkeadilan (Depkes, 2010). Setiap negara memiliki tolak ukur dalam pencapaian derajat kesehatan, diIndonesia salah satu indikator dalam pencapaian derajat kesehatan masyarakat sehat yang mandiri dan berkeadilan sesuai dengan visi Depkes 2010 –2014 adalah dengan target menurunkan kematian Ibu (AKI) dan angka kematian bayi (AKB) yang masih tinggi (Ronald, 2011).World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan angka kematian maternal di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 100 sampai 1.000 lebih per 100.000 dari kelahiran hidup. Hasil laporan kemajuan pencapaian Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) tahun 2007 Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) di Indonesia masih mencapai 307 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup, tertinggi di Asia Tenggara (Sukowati, 2008). Dan berdasarkan Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) pada tahun 2012 jumlah AKI di Indonesia yaitu 359 per 100 ribu kelahiran hidup (Depkes, 2012). Berdasarkan laporan diperkirakan 50.000.000 ibu setiap tahunnya mengalami masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan komplikasi –komplikasi kehamilan, persalinan dan nifas.komplikasi yang adakaitannya dengan kehamilan berjumlah sekitar 18 % dari jumlah global penyakit yang di derita wanita pada usia reproduksi. Dan diperkirakan 40 % wanita hamil akan mengalami komplikasi sepanjang kehamilannya (Ronald, 2011). Menurut Ronald (2010) diperkirakan dari setiap ibu yang meninggal dalam kehamilan, karena menderita komplikasi, diakibatkan karena adanya penyebab langsung dan tidak langsung dari kematian ibu tersebut. Penyebab utama kematian ibu yaitu adanya perdarahan (25 %), sepsis (15%), hipertensi dalam kehamilan (12%), partus macet (8 %), komplikasi aborsi tidak aman (13%), dan penyebab lain (8%) maka penyebab tidak langsung dari kematian ibu seperti anemia. Sebab kematian ibu , mulai dari kehamilan itu sendiri terdapat banyak masalah yang salah satunya kehamilan dengan mitos –mitos yang baik sadar atau tidak disadari selalu hidup secara turun temurun dalam masyarakat. Mitos-mitos kehamilan ini dapat memberikan pengaruh bagi perilaku ibu hamil baik itu positif maupun negative. Dari penyebab kematian ibu tersebut masalah kematian maupun kesakitan dan kunjungan pemeriksaan kehamilan pada ibu tidak terlepas dari faktor sosial budaya dan lingkungan di dalam masyarakat. Disadari atau tidak faktor kebudayaan, kepercayaan dan pengetahuan budaya seperti berbagai pantangan, hubungan sebab akibat, antara makanan dan kondisi sehat sakit, kebiasaan, dan ketidaktahuan, seringkali membawa dampak positif maupun negatif terhadap kesehatan ibu. Pengetahuan, sosial dan budaya ibu yang sedang hamil akan memengaruhi kesehatan ibu saat hamil.

scholarly journals Trends in tuberculosis incidence rates in the Region of Sousse (Tunisia) from 1992 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sahli ◽  
M Mellouli ◽  
M Limam ◽  
M El Ghardallou ◽  
A Mtiraoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Trend ◽  
National Level ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Tuberculosis Incidence ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction In 1993, the World Health Organization declared that tuberculosis is a public health emergency of global concern. All efforts were made in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce the burden of Tuberculosis. The MDG framework built into national priorities and development strategies has, in fact, strengthened epidemiological surveillance and the use of reliable data to make decisions based on objective data. These data are essential for planning, managing the activities of the National Tuberculosis program, monitoring and ongoing evaluation of its performance. In this context, we conducted this study to trace the trend of Tuberculosis incidence rate recorded in the Sousse Region between 1992 and 2016. Methods This is a longitudinal study of the registered data of tuberculosis cases in Sousse between 1992 and 2016. For the trend analysis the software JOINPOINT version 4.5.0.1 was used. This software offers the closest possible regression model of the different points and gives an annual percentage change (APC) with a 95% confidence interval. Results The highest TB incidence rates was recorded in 1993 (85.66 cases per 100 000 inhabitants). Between 1992 and 1997, there was a significant downward trend of TB incidence (APC = -23.2; 95% CI [-28.8, 1]). Between 1997 and 2004 the trend was stable. Between 2004 and 2016, there was a significant upward trend (APC = 8.3; 95% CI: [4.3, 12.4]). Conclusions At the national level, between 1992 and 2002, tuberculosis experienced a fall in incidence rates, as a result of an improvement in the socio-economic level and the organization of tuberculosis control. Since 2004, the trend has been rising. Increased tuberculosis control is advocated to end tuberculosis by 2030 in line with sustainable development goals. Key messages After a significant decrease, the tuberculosis incidence has increased significantly since 2004. The tuberculosis prevention efforts should be intensified to reverse the current trend.

scholarly journals Ultrasensitive CRISPR-based diagnostic for field-applicable detection ofPlasmodiumspecies in symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (41) ◽  
pp. 25722-25731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose A. Lee ◽  
Helena De Puig ◽  
Peter Q. Nguyen ◽  
Nicolaas M. Angenent-Mari ◽  
Nina M. Donghia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ultrasensitive Detection ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Radical Cure ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers

Asymptomatic carriers ofPlasmodiumparasites hamper malaria control and eradication. Achieving malaria eradication requires ultrasensitive diagnostics for low parasite density infections (<100 parasites per microliter blood) that work in resource-limited settings (RLS). Sensitive point-of-care diagnostics are also lacking for nonfalciparum malaria, which is characterized by lower density infections and may require additional therapy for radical cure. Molecular methods, such as PCR, have high sensitivity and specificity, but remain high-complexity technologies impractical for RLS. Here we describe a CRISPR-based diagnostic for ultrasensitive detection and differentiation ofPlasmodium falciparum,Plasmodium vivax,Plasmodium ovale, andPlasmodium malariae, using the nucleic acid detection platform SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity enzymatic reporter unlocking). We present a streamlined, field-applicable, diagnostic comprised of a 10-min SHERLOCK parasite rapid extraction protocol, followed by SHERLOCK for 60 min forPlasmodiumspecies-specific detection via fluorescent or lateral flow strip readout. We optimized one-pot, lyophilized, isothermal assays with a simplified sample preparation method independent of nucleic acid extraction, and showed that these assays are capable of detection below two parasites per microliter blood, a limit of detection suggested by the World Health Organization. OurP. falciparumandP. vivaxassays exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity on clinical samples (5P. falciparumand 10P. vivaxsamples). This work establishes a field-applicable diagnostic for ultrasensitive detection of asymptomatic carriers as well as a rapid point-of-care clinical diagnostic for nonfalciparum malaria species and low parasite densityP. falciparuminfections.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Quality of Borehole and Sachet Water from a Community in Southeastern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogueri Nwaiwu ◽  
Chiugo Claret Aduba ◽  
Oluyemisi Eniola Oni
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sachet Water ◽  
Virulence Properties

Water from boreholes and packaged commercial sachet water from different areas in a community in southern Nigeria was analyzed with membrane filtration for a snapshot of heterotrophic count and coliforms. Two boreholes out of the 20 analyzed had counts of over 500 Cfu/mL and 7 boreholes indicated the presence of coliforms. Sixteen samples out of 20 sachet water brands analyzed showed a regulatory product registration code, whereas 4 samples had no number or code indicating that they were not registered. The heterotrophic count of all sachet water was well within the limit for all samples analyzed, and coliform was detected in only two samples. The overall quality of borehole water in the community studied was rated D (65%), whereas the sachet water was rated C (90%) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance guidelines. Improvements in water quality structure in the community studied are required to help achieve WHO sustainable development goals on water sanitation. The etiology, virulence properties, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of bacteria associated with borehole and sachet water are also discussed.

scholarly journals Detecting tuberculosis: rapid tools but slow progress

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
K. England ◽  
T. Masini ◽  
E. Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Low Resource Settings ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Point Of Care Test ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends Xpert® MTB/RIF as the initial test for all people with presumptive tuberculosis (TB). A number of challenges have been reported, however, in using this technology, particularly in low-resource settings. Here we examine these challenges, and provide our perspective of the barriers to Xpert scale-up as assessed through a survey in 16 TB burden countries in which the Médecins Sans Frontières is present. We observed that the key barriers to scale-up include a lack of policy adoption and implementation of WHO recommendations for the use of Xpert, resulting from high costs, poor sensitisation of clinical staff and a high turnover of trained laboratory staff; insufficient service and maintenance provision provided by the manufacturer; and inadequate resources for sustainability and expansion. Funding is a critical issue as countries begin to transition out of support from the Global Fund. While it is clear that there is still an urgent need for research into and development of a rapid, affordable point-of-care test for TB that is truly adapted for use in low-resource settings, countries in the meantime need to develop functional and sustainable Xpert networks in order to close the existing diagnostic gap.

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