Socially-assigned race and health: a scoping review with global implications for population health equity

Abstract Background Artificial intelligence (AI) has been described as the “fourth industrial revolution” with transformative and global implications, including in healthcare, public health, and global health. AI approaches hold promise for improving health systems worldwide, as well as individual and population health outcomes. While AI may have potential for advancing health equity within and between countries, we must consider the ethical implications of its deployment in order to mitigate its potential harms, particularly for the most vulnerable. This scoping review addresses the following question: What ethical issues have been identified in relation to AI in the field of health, including from a global health perspective? Methods Eight electronic databases were searched for peer reviewed and grey literature published before April 2018 using the concepts of health, ethics, and AI, and their related terms. Records were independently screened by two reviewers and were included if they reported on AI in relation to health and ethics and were written in the English language. Data was charted on a piloted data charting form, and a descriptive and thematic analysis was performed. Results Upon reviewing 12,722 articles, 103 met the predetermined inclusion criteria. The literature was primarily focused on the ethics of AI in health care, particularly on carer robots, diagnostics, and precision medicine, but was largely silent on ethics of AI in public and population health. The literature highlighted a number of common ethical concerns related to privacy, trust, accountability and responsibility, and bias. Largely missing from the literature was the ethics of AI in global health, particularly in the context of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Conclusions The ethical issues surrounding AI in the field of health are both vast and complex. While AI holds the potential to improve health and health systems, our analysis suggests that its introduction should be approached with cautious optimism. The dearth of literature on the ethics of AI within LMICs, as well as in public health, also points to a critical need for further research into the ethical implications of AI within both global and public health, to ensure that its development and implementation is ethical for everyone, everywhere.

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Primary Health Care Models Addressing Health Equity for Immigrants: A Systematic Scoping Review

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health ◽

10.1007/s10903-016-0531-y ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 214-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ricardo Batista ◽

Kevin Pottie ◽

Louise Bouchard ◽

Edward Ng ◽

Peter Tanuseputro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Primary Health Care ◽

Health Equity ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Primary Health ◽

Health Care Models ◽

Care Models

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Combining Integration of Care and a Population Health Approach: A Scoping Review of Redesign Strategies and Interventions, and their Impact

International Journal of Integrated Care ◽

10.5334/ijic.4197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elina Farmanova ◽

G. Ross Baker ◽

Deborah Cohen

Keyword(s):

Population Health ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Integration Of Care

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A scoping review on disparities in exposure to advertising for e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products and implications for advancing a health equity research agenda

International Journal for Equity in Health ◽

10.1186/s12939-021-01576-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Graziele Grilo ◽

Elizabeth Crespi ◽

Joanna E. Cohen

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Health Equity ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Cigarette Advertising ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Advertising And Promotion ◽

Neighborhood Level

Abstract Background Disparities in exposure to and density of tobacco advertising are well established; however, it is still unclear how e-cigarette and heated tobacco product (HTP) advertising vary by age, education, sex, gender identity, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status (SES), and/or urban/rural area. Through a scoping review, we sought to identify potential disparities in exposure to e-cigarette and HTP advertising and promotion across populations. Methods In January 2020, a systematic literature search was conducted in five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The search was updated in October 2020. Articles reporting on exposure to e-cigarette and/or HTP advertising and promotion across age, education, sex, gender identity, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, SES, and/or urban/rural areas were included for full-text review (n = 25). Of those, 15 were deemed relevant for data extraction. Results The majority of the studies were from the U.S. (n = 12) and cross-sectional (n = 14). Studies were published between 2014 and 2020 and focused on determining causal relationships that underlie disparities; only one study assessed HTP advertising and promotion. Exposure to e-cigarette and HTP advertising was assessed at the individual-level (e.g., recall seeing ads on television) and at the neighborhood-level (e.g., ad density at the point-of-sale). Studies addressed differences across age (n = 6), education (n = 2), sex (n = 6), gender identity and sexual orientation (n = 3), race/ethnicity (n = 11), SES (n = 5), and urban/rural (n = 2). The following populations were more likely to be exposed to e-cigarette advertising: youth, those with more than a high school diploma, males, sexual and gender minorities, Whites, and urban residents. At the neighborhood-level, e-cigarette advertisements were more prevalent in non-White neighborhoods. Conclusions Exposure to e-cigarette/HTP advertising varies based on sociodemographic characteristics, although the literature is limited especially regarding HTPs. Higher exposure among youth might increase tobacco-related disparities since it can lead to nicotine/tobacco use. Research should incorporate and apply a health equity lens from its inception to obtain data to inform the elimination of those disparities.

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Interactive visualization applications in population health and health services research: a systematic scoping review (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.27534 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jawad Chishtie ◽

Iwona Anna Bielska ◽

Aldo Barrera ◽

Jean-Sebastien Marchand ◽

Muhammad Imran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Decision Support ◽

Health Services Research ◽

Health Services ◽

Population Health ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Interactive Visualization ◽

Resource Planning ◽

Services Research ◽

Epidemiologic Surveillance

BACKGROUND Simple visualizations in health research data, such as scatter plots, heat maps and bar charts typically present relationships between two variables. Interactive visualization methods allow for multiple related facets, such as multiple risk factors, to be studied simultaneously, leading to data insights through exploring trends and patterns from complex big healthcare data. The technique presents a powerful tool that can be used in combination with statistical analysis for knowledge discovery, hypothesis generation and testing, and decision support. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this scoping review is to describe and summarize the evidence of interactive visualization applications, methods and tools being employed in population health and HSR, and their sub-domains in the last 15 years, from 1 January 2005 to 30 March 2019. Our secondary objective is to describe the use cases, metrics, frameworks used, settings, target audience, goals and co-design of applications. METHODS We adapted standard scoping review guidelines, with a peer reviewed search strategy, two independent researchers at each stage of screening and abstraction, with a third independent researcher to arbitrate conflicts and validate findings. A comprehensive abstraction platform was built to capture the data from diverse bodies of literature, primarily from the computer science and health care sector. After screening 11,310 articles, we present findings from 56 applications from interrelated areas of population health and health services research, and their sub-domains such as epidemiologic surveillance, health resource planning, access, utilization and costs, among diverse clinical and demographic populations. RESULTS As a companion review to our earlier systematic synthesis of literature on visual analytic applications, we present findings in six major themes of interactive visualization applications developed for eight major problem categories. We found a wide application of interactive visualization methods, the major being epidemiologic surveillance for infectious disease, resource planning, health service monitoring and quality and studying medication use patterns. Data sources included mostly secondary administrative and electronic medical record data. Additionally, at least two-third applications involved participatory co-design approaches, while introducing a distinct category ‘embedded research’ within co-design initiatives. These applications were in response to an identified need for data-driven insights towards knowledge generation and decision support. We further discuss the opportunities from the use of interactive visualization methods towards studying global health, inequities including social determinants of health, and other related areas. We also allude to the challenges in the uptake of these methods. CONCLUSIONS Visualization in health has strong historical roots, with an upward trend in the use of these methods in population health and health services research. Such applications are being fast utilized by academic and health care agencies for knowledge discovery, hypotheses generation and decision support. CLINICALTRIAL Protocol registration: RR1-10.2196/14019 Related first review: RR2-10.2196/14019 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.2196/14019

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A Case Study on Population Health Addressing Health Equity During a Crisis: Flattening the Curve of Hispanics with COVID-19 in Somerset County, New Jersey

10.1891/9780826144270.0014c ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paula A. Gutierrez ◽

Serena Collado

Keyword(s):

New Jersey ◽

Population Health ◽

Health Equity ◽

Somerset County

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Conclusion

Governing for Health ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190258948.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 183-192

Author(s):

Fran Baum

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Human Health ◽

Population Health ◽

Health Equity ◽

Good Governance ◽

Well Being ◽

Planetary Health ◽

Essential Tool

This chapter distills the contents of the book into six central messages: (1) reducing inequities is the central, vital mechanism for building population health; (2) human health is intimately connected to planetary health and needs to be viewed as part of the broader ecosystem; (3) how we govern is vitally important to how healthy, sustainable and equitable we are: good governance is centrally concerned with the involvement of all sectors to promote health and reduce inequities; (4) regulation is a powerful and essential tool for public health; (5) new ways of measuring progress are important; (6) ubiquitous leadership is required for health, equity, and well-being. The chapter elaborates on each of these and then ends with a consideration of the importance of maintaining hope and acting with courage.

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