scholarly journals Increasing doctors working in specific rural regions through selection from and training in the same region: national evidence from Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. McGrail ◽  
Belinda G. O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Training ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
National Study ◽  
Career Stage ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Rural Region ◽  
Grow Your Own ◽  
Workforce Capacity ◽  
Rural Training ◽  
And Training

Abstract Background ‘Grow your own’ strategies are considered important for developing rural workforce capacity. They involve selecting health students from specific rural regions and training them for extended periods in the same regions, to improve local retention. However, most research about these strategies is limited to single institution studies that lack granularity as to whether the specific regions of origin, training and work are related. This national study aims to explore whether doctors working in specific rural regions also entered medicine from that region and/or trained in the same region, compared with those without these connections to the region. A secondary aim is to explore these associations with duration of rural training. Methods Utilising a cross-sectional survey of Australian doctors in 2017 (n = 6627), rural region of work was defined as the doctor’s main work location geocoded to one of 42 rural regions. This was matched to both (1) Rural region of undergraduate training (< 12 weeks, 3–12 months, > 1 university year) and (2) Rural region of childhood origin (6+ years), to test association with returning to work in communities of the same rural region. Results Multinomial logistic regression, which adjusted for specialty, career stage and gender, showed those with > 1 year (RRR 5.2, 4.0–6.9) and 3–12 month rural training (RRR 1.4, 1.1–1.9) were more likely to work in the same rural region compared with < 12 week rural training. Those selected from a specific region and having > 1-year rural training there related to 17.4 times increased chance of working in the same rural region compared with < 12 week rural training and metropolitan origin. Conclusion This study provides the first national-scale empirical evidence supporting that ‘grow your own’ may be a key workforce capacity building strategy. It supports underserviced rural areas selecting and training more doctors, which may be preferable over policies that select from or train doctors in ‘any’ rural location. Longer training in the same region enhances these outcomes. Reorienting medical training to selecting and training in specific rural regions where doctors are needed is likely to be an efficient means to correcting healthcare access inequalities.

An Overview of E-Government Technological Divide in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
pp. 365-379
Author(s):  
Rafiat A. Oyekunle ◽  
H. B. Akanbi-Ademolake
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ict Literacy ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Content Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
Workforce Capacity ◽  
Ict Infrastructure ◽  
And Training

This chapter presents an overview of e-Government technological divide in developing countries. Technological divide here does not consist simply of telecommunications and computer equipment (i.e. ICTs), but it is also e-Readiness (i.e. the available capacity as indicated by workforce capacity to build, deploy, and maintain ICT infrastructure), ICT literacy (using digital technology, communication tools, and/or networks appropriately to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, and create information), e-Inclusion and/or e-Exclusion (i.e. no one is left behind in enjoying the benefits of ICT), etc., which are factors also necessary in order for people to be able to use and benefit from e-Government applications. Most of the currently published works on e-Government strategies are based on successful experiences from developed countries, which may not be directly applicable to developing countries. Based on a literature review, this chapter reveals the status of e-Government technological divide in developing countries and also underscores the challenges associated with e-Government in developing countries, thus bringing to the limelight the factors that influence the growth of the technological divide and different approaches that have been put in place to overcome the divide. In conclusion, this chapter advocates education and training, local content development, enhancing network infrastructure, and capacity building, among others, as ways of bridging the divide.

Determinants of Childbirth Assistance in the Remote Islands of the Indian Sundarbans

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-535
Author(s):  
Debjani Barman ◽  
Lalitha Vadrevu ◽  
Divya Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Indian Sundarbans ◽  
High Preference ◽  
Ic 10 ◽  
Informal Providers

Background: India contributes to almost 70 percent of the maternal mortality in South East Asia. Improving access to skilled attendance at birth is crucial for addressing the issue of maternal deaths in the Indian context while majority of women deliver her child at home. Several issues of inaccessibility due to cost, distance, and lack of services still persist. The present research article, thus, discusses the determinants of child delivery care practices in a rural region like the Sundarbans in West Bengal, India. Methods: A household survey was conducted in the Patharpratima block of the Indian Sundarbans. A total of 1200 households were sampled using a two stage cluster sampling from 30 villages. Mothers were interviewed regarding child delivery practice of their youngest child along with other socio-demographic variables. Data analysis involves a multinomial logistic regression using STATA IC 10. Results: Child Delivery was assisted by formal providers in 48 percent of the cases, by informal providers in 30 percent cases and friends or relatives in 22 percent cases. Geographical location of the household, caste and religion, mother’s education and birth order were statistically significant predictors. Conclusion: Sundarbans as geographically isolated rural regions of the country face serious issue of inaccessibility. Following it high preference for home delivery and henceforth higher dependence on unskilled personnel for delivery in the region calls for specific plans to address the inaccessibility issue.

Is Western Australia’s rural surgical workforce going to sustain the future? A quantitative and qualitative analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharanyaa Shanmugakumar ◽  
Denese Playford ◽  
Tessa Burkitt ◽  
Marc Tennant ◽  
Tom Bowles
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
General Surgery ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Career Stage ◽  
Surgical Services ◽  
Rural Workforce ◽  
Surgical Trainees ◽  
Surgical Workforce ◽  
Rural Training

Objective Despite public interest in the rural workforce, there are few published data on the geographical distribution of Australia’s rural surgeons, their practice skill set, career stage or work-life balance (on-call burden). Similarly, there has not been a peer-reviewed skills audit of rural training opportunities for surgical trainees. The present study undertook this baseline assessment for Western Australia (WA), which has some of the most remote practice areas in Australia. Methods Hospital staff from all WA Country Health Service hospitals with surgical service (20 of 89 rural health services) were contacted by telephone. A total of 18 of 20 provided complete data. The study questionnaire explored hospital and practice locations of practicing rural surgeons, on-call rosters, career stage, practice skill set and the availability of surgical training positions. Data were tabulated in excel and geographic information system geocoded. Descriptive statistics were calculated in Excel. Results Of the seven health regions for rural Western Australia, two (28.6%) were served by resident surgeons at a ratio consistent with Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) guidelines. General surgery was offered in 16 (89%) hospitals. In total, 16 (89%) hospitals were served by fly-in, fly-out (FIFO) surgical services. Two hospitals with resident surgeons did not use FIFO services, but all hospitals without resident surgeons were served by FIFO surgical specialists. The majority of resident surgeons (62.5%) and FIFO surgeons (43.2%) were perceived to be mid-career by hospital staff members. Three hospitals (16.7%) offered all eight of the identified surgical skill sets, but 16 (89%) offered general surgery. Conclusions Relatively few resident rural surgeons are servicing large areas of WA, assisted by the widespread provision of FIFO surgical services. The present audit demonstrates strength in general surgical skills throughout regional WA, and augers well for the training of general surgeons. What is known about the topic? A paper published in 1998 suggested that Australia’s rural surgeons were soon to reach retirement age. However, there have been no published peer-reviewed papers on Australia’s surgical workforce since then. More recent workforce statistics released from the RACS suggest that the rural workforce is in crisis. What does this paper add? This paper provides up-to-date whole-of-state information for WA, showing where surgical services are being provided and by whom, giving a precise geographical spread of the workforce. It shows the skill set and on-call rosters of these practitioners. What are the implications for practitioners? The present study provides geographical workforce data, which is important to health planners, the general public and surgeons considering where to practice. In particular, these data are relevant to trainees considering their rural training options.

scholarly journals A National Study of Training Content and Activities for Faculty Development for Online Teaching

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Meyer ◽  
Vicki Murrell
Keyword(s):  
Faculty Development ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Online Community ◽  
National Study ◽  
Training Content ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Assessment Of Student Learning ◽  
And Training

This article presents the results of a national study of 39 higher education institutions that collected information about their practices for faculty development for online teaching and particularly the content and training activities used during 2011-2012. This study found that the most frequently offered training content (97% of the institutions) was assessment of student learning, followed by creating online community (91.1%), and training on the institution’s CMS, student learning styles, and instructional design models (all at 84%). Most frequent training activities (over 90% of institutions) were the workshop, one-on-one training, short sessions, hands-on training, one-time training, and creating an online course. Interesting differences by Carnegie institution type were found, perhaps explained by developers placing more value on teaching pedagogies than tools.

scholarly journals The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving intensity of adult females for parents: Evidence from a national study in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
Lulu Ding ◽  
Yuejing Feng ◽  
Xue Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Informal Care ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Informal Caregiving ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
National Study ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Low Intensity

Abstract Background Few studies explored the effect of SES of caregivers on informal caregiving in China, especially from a female perspective. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine how the SES of female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for parents in China. Methods The data used in this study was derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (more than 10 hrs/week). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression results found that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver vs. a non-caregivers increased as the caregiver’s education attainment increased. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05) and were 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Employed females were 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with higher SES (higher education attainment, higher incomes, and urban Hukou ) were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and with urban Hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

scholarly journals The Mastery Rubric for Bioinformatics: supporting design and evaluation of career-spanning education and training

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle E. Tractenberg ◽  
Jessica M. Lindvall ◽  
Teresa K. Attwood ◽  
Allegra Via
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Design ◽  
Scientific Reasoning ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
International Workshop ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Career Stage ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
And Training

AbstractAs the life sciences have become more data intensive, the pressure to incorporate the requisite training into life-science education and training programs has increased. To facilitate curriculum development, various sets of (bio)informatics competencies have been articulated; however, these have proved difficult to implement in practice. Addressing this issue, we have created a curriculum-design and -evaluation tool to support the development of specific Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSAs) that reflect the scientific method and promote both bioinformatics practice and the achievement of competencies. Twelve KSAs were extracted via formal analysis, and stages along a developmental trajectory, from uninitiated student to independent practitioner, were identified. Demonstration of each KSA by a performer at each stage was initially described (Performance Level Descriptors, PLDs), evaluated, and revised at an international workshop. This work was subsequently extended and further refined to yield the Mastery Rubric for Bioinformatics (MR-Bi). The MR-Bi was validated by demonstrating alignment between the KSAs and competencies, and its consistency with principles of adult learning. The MR-Bi tool provides a formal framework to support curriculum building, training, and self-directed learning. It prioritizes the development of independence and scientific reasoning, and is structured to allow individuals (regardless of career stage, disciplinary background, or skill level) to locate themselves within the framework. The KSAs and their PLDs promote scientific problem formulation and problem solving, lending the MR-Bi durability and flexibility. With its explicit developmental trajectory, the tool can be used by developing or practicing scientists to direct their (and their team’s) acquisition of new, or to deepen existing, bioinformatics KSAs. The MR-Bi can thereby contribute to the cultivation of a next generation of bioinformaticians who are able to design reproducible and rigorous research, and to critically analyze results from their own, and others’, work.

scholarly journals The Combination of Artificial Intelligence and Extended Reality: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Reiners ◽  
Mohammad Reza Davahli ◽  
Waldemar Karwowski ◽  
Carolina Cruz-Neira
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Affective Computing ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Screening Strategy ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Driver Education ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Training

Artificial intelligence (AI) and extended reality (XR) differ in their origin and primary objectives. However, their combination is emerging as a powerful tool for addressing prominent AI and XR challenges and opportunities for cross-development. To investigate the AI-XR combination, we mapped and analyzed published articles through a multi-stage screening strategy. We identified the main applications of the AI-XR combination, including autonomous cars, robotics, military, medical training, cancer diagnosis, entertainment, and gaming applications, advanced visualization methods, smart homes, affective computing, and driver education and training. In addition, we found that the primary motivation for developing the AI-XR applications include 1) training AI, 2) conferring intelligence on XR, and 3) interpreting XR- generated data. Finally, our results highlight the advancements and future perspectives of the AI-XR combination.

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