scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and EBV; the cost of a second mitochondrial “whammy”?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair V.W. Nunn ◽  
Geoffrey W. Guy ◽  
Stanley W. Botchway ◽  
Jimmy D. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Ageing Process ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Older Populations

AbstractWe, and others, have suggested that as the SARS-CoV-2 virus may modulate mitochondrial function, good mitochondrial reserve and health could be key in determining disease severity when exposed to this virus, as the immune system itself is dependent on this organelle’s function. With the recent publication of a paper showing that long COVID could be associated with the reactivation of the Epstein Barr Virus, which is well known to manipulate mitochondria, we suggest that this could represent a second mitochondrial “whammy” that might support the mitochondrial hypothesis underlying COVID-19 severity and potentially, the occurrence of longer-term symptoms. As mitochondrial function declines with age, this could be an important factor in why older populations are more susceptible. Key factors which ensure optimal mitochondrial health are generally those that ensure healthy ageing, such as a good lifestyle with plenty of physical activity. The ability of viruses to manipulate mitochondrial function is well described, and it is now also thought that for evolutionary reasons, they also manipulate the ageing process. Given that slowing the ageing process could well be linked to better economic outcomes, the link between mitochondrial health, economics, COVID-19 and other viruses, as well as lifestyle, needs to be considered.

Epstein-Barr virus: exploiting the immune system

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Thorley-Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals Genome Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus from Multiple Tumor Types and Normal Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 5222-5237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne L. Palser ◽  
Nicholas E. Grayson ◽  
Robert E. White ◽  
Craig Corton ◽  
Samantha Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Epstein Barr

ABSTRACTEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most of the world's population and is causally associated with several human cancers, but little is known about how EBV genetic variation might influence infection or EBV-associated disease. There are currently no published wild-type EBV genome sequences from a healthy individual and very few genomes from EBV-associated diseases. We have sequenced 71 geographically distinct EBV strains from cell lines, multiple types of primary tumor, and blood samples and the first EBV genome from the saliva of a healthy carrier. We show that the established genome map of EBV accurately represents all strains sequenced, but novel deletions are present in a few isolates. We have increased the number of type 2 EBV genomes sequenced from one to 12 and establish that the type 1/type 2 classification is a major feature of EBV genome variation, defined almost exclusively by variation of EBNA2 and EBNA3 genes, but geographic variation is also present. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density varies substantially across all known open reading frames and is highest in latency-associated genes. Some T-cell epitope sequences in EBNA3 genes show extensive variation across strains, and we identify codons under positive selection, both important considerations for the development of vaccines and T-cell therapy. We also provide new evidence for recombination between strains, which provides a further mechanism for the generation of diversity. Our results provide the first global view of EBV sequence variation and demonstrate an effective method for sequencing large numbers of genomes to further understand the genetics of EBV infection.IMPORTANCEMost people in the world are infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and it causes several human diseases, which occur at very different rates in different parts of the world and are linked to host immune system variation. Natural variation in EBV DNA sequence may be important for normal infection and for causing disease. Here we used rapid, cost-effective sequencing to determine 71 new EBV sequences from different sample types and locations worldwide. We showed geographic variation in EBV genomes and identified the most variable parts of the genome. We identified protein sequences that seem to have been selected by the host immune system and detected variability in known immune epitopes. This gives the first overview of EBV genome variation, important for designing vaccines and immune therapy for EBV, and provides techniques to investigate relationships between viral sequence variation and EBV-associated diseases.

ASSOCIATION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS WITH LEIOMYOSARCOMAS IN YOUNG PEOPLE WITH AIDS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-347
Author(s):  
Maritza Navarro ◽  
I. Celine Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Smooth Muscle Tumors ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Hiv Negative

EBV was found in all smooth muscle tumors from the six HIV-infected cases, but not in smooth muscle tumors from HIV-negative controls. All tumors studied stained for CD21 (EBV receptor), but levels were higher on tumor cells from HIV-infected cases than controls. This suggests that perturbation of the immune system (as in AIDS) may increase the production of the EBV receptor and/or that EBV infection itself causes increased receptor expression. It is postulated that EBV may contribute to smooth muscle tumorigenesis in HIV infection and potentially in other immunosuppressed states.

Epstein-Barr virus and the immune system. Hide and seek

JAMA ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 278 (6) ◽  
pp. 510-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals Overexpression of PD-1 on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Its Association with High Viral Loads of Epstein-Barr Virus and Poor Clinical Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Tomaszewski ◽  
Ewelina Grywalska ◽  
Andrzej Tomaszewski ◽  
Piotr Błaszczak ◽  
Marcin Kurzyna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Epstein Barr

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare but severe disease with the elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries without a known trigger of vascular remodelling. It leads to the right heart failure with reduced survival. Changes in the immunological landscape of the lungs and the periphery are common in IPAH patients, suggesting an immune system dysfunction. A cohort of 25 IPAH patients was enrolled in our study to investigate a link between the patient’s clinical status, immune parameters of the blood, and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. We found significant alterations of the patients’ peripheral blood parameters. Therein, T lymphocytes and NK cell counts were decreased in the IPAH patients’ blood, while the proportion of regulatory T cells was increased. Additionally, levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-2, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were elevated. We identified a weak correlation between EBV loads and IPAH patients’ clinical state (r = 0.54) and between EBV loads and overexpression of PD-1 on helper T cells (r = 0.56). We speculate that a significant dysregulation of the immune system homeostasis observed in IPAH patients may contribute to increased susceptibility of those patients to EBV infection, yet further longitudinal studies are required to characterize this relation in detail.

scholarly journals Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1

2004 ◽  
Vol 199 (10) ◽  
pp. 1301-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Münz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
The One

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)—the one EBV antigen that is expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies—has long been thought to go undetected by the cell-mediated immune system. However, recent studies show that EBNA1 can be presented to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, making it a potential new target for immunotherapy of EBV-related cancers.

scholarly journals The interplay between Epstein-Barr virus and the immune system: a rationale for adoptive cell therapy of EBV-related disorders

Haematologica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1769-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Merlo ◽  
R. Turrini ◽  
R. Dolcetti ◽  
D. Martorelli ◽  
E. Muraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
System A ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals Pengaruh kemoterapi neoadjuvant terhadap LMP1 dan rasio CD4+/CD8+ pada karsinoma nasofaring tak-berdiferensiasi

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunardo Budi Santoso ◽  
Muhardjo M ◽  
Made Setiamika ◽  
Imam Prabowo ◽  
Dyah Ratna Budiani
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Regression Result ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Lmp1 Expression ◽  
Undifferentiated Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in undifferentiated type nasopharyngealcarcinoma (NPC) will express antigenic proteins such as LMP1 and triggering a cascade ofimmunocompetent cells (CD4+ and CD8+). The ratio of CD4+/CD8 illustrates the potential eliminationof intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy will suppress the growth of tumorcells and immune system cells   that leads to cellular immune decline. Objective: To know the influence ofneoadjuvant chemotherapy on the expression of LMP1, the immune system and the relationship betweenthe expression of LMP1 with the ratio of CD4+/CD8++. Method: The design was one group before andafter intervention, with 10 samples of undifferentiated NPC, biopsied before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and got immunohistochemical examination. We used mouse antihuman LMP1, mouse monoclonal antihuman CD4+ and antihuman CD8 antibodies. Data were analyzed with the WilcoxonSigned Ranks test, and Spearman’s Linear Regression. Result: After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we + found statistically significant decline in LMP1 expression (p = 0.007), CD4+ (p = 0.041) and CD8   (p= 0.005). The ratio of CD4+/CD8 increase was not statistically significant (p = 0.646). The relationshipbetween the expression of LMP1 with the ratio of CD4++/CD8was very weak (r = 0.17) and no statisticallysignificant (p = 0.646). Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in undifferentiated type NPC causes adecrease in the expression of LMP1 and immunological status (CD4 + +, CD8 ) and increase in the ratioof CD4+/CD8+. The relationship between the expression of LMP1 with the ratio of CD4+ was veryweak and not significant. Keywords: nasopharyngeal carcinoma, expression of LMP1, CD4+, CD8++/CD8, ratio of CD4,neoadjuvant chemotherapy.+++/CD8+  Abstrak :  Latar belakang: Infeksi Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) pada karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) jenis takberdiferensiasiakanmengekspresikan protein antigen antara lain LMP1 dan memicu hadirnyasel-selimunokompeten(CD4+ dan CD8+). Rasio CD4+/CD8 menggambarkan potensi eliminasi patogen intraseldan sel tumor. Kemoterapi neoadjuvant akan menghambat pertumbuhan sel tumor dan juga menghambatpembentukan sel-sel sistem imun tubuh sehingga berefek pada penurunan imunitas seluler. Tujuan:Mengetahui pengaruh kemoterapi neoadjuvant terhadap ekspresi LMP1, sistem imun dan hubunganantara ekspresi LMP1 dengan rasio CD4+/ CD8++. Metode: Desain penelitian one group before and afterintervention, menggunakan 10 sampel biopsi KNF tak-berdiferensiasi, sebelum dan sesudah kemoterapineoadjuvant dilakukan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia. Antibodi yang digunakan ialah antibodi mouseantihuman LMP1, monoclonal mouse antihuman CD4+ dan antihuman CD8. Data penelitian dianalisisdengan Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test, Regresi Linier dan Spearman’s dengan program statistik SPSS forWindows. Hasil: Setelah kemoterapi neoadjuvant terjadi penurunan signifikan secara statistik baikekspresi LMP1 (p=0,007); CD4+ (p=0,041), maupun CD8+ (p=0,005). Rasio CD4++/CD8 meningkat tidaksignifikan secara statistik (p=0,646).   Hubungan antara ekspresi LMP1 dengan rasio CD4 sangatlemah (r = 0,17) dan tidak signifikan secara statistik (p=0,646). Kesimpulan: Kemoterapi neoadjuvantpada KNF jenis tak-berdiferensiasi menyebabkan penurunan ekspresi LMP1 dan status imunologi(CD4+,CD8+) serta peningkatan rasio CD4+/CD8++++/CD8/CD8. Hubungan antara ekspresi LMP1 dengan rasio CD4/CD8 sangat lemah dan tidak signifikan. Kata kunci: karsinoma nasofaring, ekspresi LMP1, CD4++, CD8+, rasio CD4, kemoterapineoadjuvant.

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