scholarly journals Measuring body condition of lizards: a comparison between non-invasive dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, chemical fat extraction and calculated indices

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Sion ◽  
Maggie J. Watson ◽  
Amos Bouskila
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fat Extraction

Abstract Background Condition indices (CIs) are used in ecological studies as a way of measuring an individual animal’s health and fitness. Noninvasive CIs are estimations of a relative score of fat content or rely on a ratio of body mass compared to some measure of size, usually a linear dimension such as tarsus or snout-vent length. CIs are generally validated invasively by lethal fat extraction as in a seasonal sample of individuals in a population. Many alternatives to lethal fat extraction are costly or time consuming. As an alternative, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows for non-destructive analysis of body composition and enables multiple measurements during an animal’s life time. DXA has never been used for ecological studies in a small, free-ranging lizard before, therefore we calibrated this method against a chemical extraction of fat from a sample of 6 geckos (Israeli fan toed gecko Ptyodactylus guttatus) ranging in body mass between 4.2–11.5 g. We then  used this calibrated  DXA measurements to determine the best linear measurement calculated CI for this species. Results We found that fat mass measured with DXA was significantly correlated with the mass of chemically extracted fat for specimens more than 4.8 g (N = 5, R2 = 0.995, P < 0.001). Fat percentage regressed with body mass significantly predicted the DXA fat percentage (N = 29, R2adj. = 0.862, p < 0.001). Live wet mass was significantly correlated with predicted fat mass (N = 30, R2 = 0.984, P < 0.001) for specimens more than 4.8 g. Among the five calculated non-invasive CIs that we tested, the best was mass/SVL. Conclusions We recommend that in situations where DXA cannot be used, that the most accurate of the body condition estimators for  this species is mass/SVL (snout-vent length) for both sexes.

scholarly journals Measuring body condition of lizards: a comparison between non-invasive dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, chemical fat extraction and calculated indices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Sion ◽  
Maggie J. Watson ◽  
Amos Bouskila
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fat Extraction

Abstract Background Condition indices (CIs) are used in ecological studies as a way of measuring an individual animal’s health and fitness. Noninvasive CIs are estimations of a relative score of fat content or rely on a ratio of body mass compared to some measure of size, usually a linear dimension such as tarsus or snout-vent length. CIs are generally measured invasively by lethal fat extraction as in a seasonal sample of individuals in a population. Many alternatives to lethal fat extraction are costly or time consuming. As an alternative, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows for non-destructive analysis of body composition and enables multiple measurements during an animal's life time. DXA has never been used for ecological studies in a small, free-ranging lizard before, therefore we calibrated this method against a chemical extraction of fat from a sample of 6 geckos (Israeli fan toed gecko Ptyodactylus guttatus) ranging in body mass between 4.2–11.5 g. Results We found that fat mass measured with DXA was significantly correlated with the mass of chemically extracted fat for specimens more than 4.8 g (N = 5, R2 = 0.995, P < 0.001). Fat percentage regressed with body mass significantly predicted the DXA fat percentage (N = 30, R2adj.=0.875, P < 0.001). Live wet mass was significantly correlated with calculated fat mass (N = 30, R2 = 0.984, P < 0.001) for specimens more than 4.8 g. Among the other calculated non-invasive CIs that we tested, the best was mass/SVL (provide N, correlation coeff and p value). Conclusions We recommend that in situations where DXA cannot be used, that the most accurate of the body condition estimators for both males and females in this species is mass/SVL (snout-vent length) for both sexes.

scholarly journals Measuring Body Condition of Lizards: A Comparison Between Non-Invasive Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, Chemical Fat Extraction and Calculated Indices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Sion ◽  
Maggie J. Watson ◽  
Amos Bouskila
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fat Extraction

Abstract BackgroundCondition indices (CIs) are used in ecological studies as a way of measuring an individual animal’s health and fitness. Noninvasive CIs are estimations of a relative score of fat content or rely on a ratio of body mass compared to some measure of size, usually a linear dimension such as tarsus or snout-vent length. CIs are generally measured invasively by lethal fat extraction as in a seasonal sample of individuals in a population. Many alternatives to lethal fat extraction are costly or time consuming. As an alternative, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows for non-destructive analysis of body composition and enables multiple measurements during an animal's life time. DXA has never been used for ecological studies in a small, free-ranging lizard before, therefore we calibrated this method against a chemical extraction of fat from a sample of 6 geckos (Israeli fan toed gecko Ptyodactylus guttatus) ranging in body mass between 4.2–11.5 g. ResultsWe found that fat mass measured with DXA was significantly correlated with the mass of chemically extracted fat for specimens more than 4.8g (N=5, R2=0.995, P<0.001). Fat percentage regressed with body mass significantly predicted the DXA fat percentage (N=30, R2adj.=0.875, P<0.001). Live wet mass was significantly correlated with calculated fat mass (N=30, R2=0.984, P<0.001) for specimens more than 4.8g. Among the other calculated non-invasive CIs that we tested, the best was mass/SVL (N=30, rMass/SVL= 0.83, PTwo-tailed<0.001). ConclusionsWe recommend that in situations where DXA cannot be used, that the most accurate of the body condition estimators for both males and females in this species is mass/SVL (snout-vent length) for both sexes.

scholarly journals Measuring body condition of lizards: a comparison between non-invasive dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, chemical fat extraction and calculated indices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Sion ◽  
Maggie J. Watson ◽  
Amos Bouskila
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fat Extraction

Abstract BackgroundCondition indices (CIs) are used in ecological studies as a way of measuring an individual animal’s health and fitness. Noninvasive CIs are estimations of a relative score of fat content or rely on a ratio of body mass compared to some measure of size, usually a linear dimension such as tarsus or snout-vent length. CIs are generally validated invasively by lethal fat extraction as in a seasonal sample of individuals in a population. Many alternatives to lethal fat extraction are costly or time consuming. As an alternative, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows for non-destructive analysis of body composition and enables multiple measurements during an animal's life time. DXA has never been used for ecological studies in a small, free-ranging lizard before, therefore we calibrated this method against a chemical extraction of fat from a sample of 6 geckos (Israeli fan toed gecko Ptyodactylus guttatus) ranging in body mass between 4.2–11.5 g. ResultsWe found that fat mass measured with DXA was significantly correlated with the mass of chemically extracted fat for specimens more than 4.8g (N=5, R2=0.995, P<0.001). Fat percentage regressed with body mass significantly predicted the DXA fat percentage (N=29, R2adj.=0.862, p<0.001). Live wet mass was significantly correlated with calculated fat mass (N=30, R2=0.984, P<0.001) for specimens more than 4.8g. Among the five calculated non-invasive CIs that we tested, the best was mass/SVL. ConclusionsWe recommend that in situations where DXA cannot be used, that the most accurate of the body condition estimators for both males and females in this species is mass/SVL (snout-vent length) for both sexes.

scholarly journals Physical and Fitness Characteristics of Elite Professional Rugby Union Players

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Posthumus ◽  
Campbell Macgregor ◽  
Paul Winwood ◽  
Katrina Darry ◽  
Matthew Driller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fitness Measures

This study explored the physical and fitness characteristics of elite professional rugby union players and examined the relationships between these characteristics within forwards and backs. Thirty-nine elite professional rugby union players from the New Zealand Super Rugby Championship participated in this study. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry alongside anthropometrics. Fitness characteristics included various strength, power, speed, and aerobic fitness measures. Forwards were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) taller and heavier than backs, and possessed greater lean mass, fat mass, fat percentage, bone mass, and skinfolds. Forwards demonstrated greater strength and absolute power measures than backs (p = 0.02), but were slower and possessed less aerobic fitness (p ≤ 0.01). Skinfolds demonstrated very large correlations with relative power (r = −0.84) and speed (r = 0.75) measures within forwards, while backs demonstrated large correlations between skinfolds and aerobic fitness (r = −0.54). Fat mass and fat percentage demonstrated very large correlations with speed (r = 0.71) and aerobic fitness (r = −0.70) measures within forwards. Skinfolds, fat mass, and fat percentage relate strongly to key fitness characteristics required for elite professional rugby union performance. Individual and positional monitoring is important due to the clear differences between positions.

Asociación entre la composición corporal y la condición física en estudiantes de grado sexto, pertenecientes a la institución educativa moderna de Tuluá, Colombia año 2019 (Association between body composition and the physical condition in sixth grade st

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 539-546
Author(s):  
Luis Hebert Palma Pulido ◽  
Carlos Hernán Méndez Díaz ◽  
Alfonso Cespedes Manrrique ◽  
Jorge Andrés Castro Mejía ◽  
Alejandro Viveros Restrepo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Cardiovascular Capacity

 El siguiente estudio, tuvo como finalidad, determinar la correlación entre la composición corporal y la condición física en niños de sexto grado de la Institución Educativa de Tuluá, Colombia. El estudio fue no experimental, descriptivo y de alcance correlacional. La valoración de la composición corporal, se realizó mediante el índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa (fórmula de Slaughter y Lohmann). La condición física, se determinó por medio de la batería Fitnessgram. La muestra fue de 193 niños y niñas, entre ocho y 12 años. Los resultados se determinaron, por medio de estadísticos descriptivos y correlación de Pearson. Estos resultados, evidenciaron una r=-0,52 y -0,72 para niño y niña respectivamente, entre el porcentaje de grasa y la capacidad cardiovascular. Las correlaciones entre el índice de masa corporal y peso corporal, con el porcentaje de grasa fueron, r=0,59 niña 0,76 y niño y r=0,46 niña y 0,67 niño respectivamente, indicando que, a mayor masa corporal mayor grasa. La correlación entre masa grasa y el test de barra fija fue inversa, pero no alta, r=-0,23 y -0,24, sin embaro, cuando este test se correlacionó con el índice de masa corporal, dicha correlación fue mayor, r=-0,57 y -0,78, reflejando que, la masa corporal, afectó la resistencia en la barra. La flexibilidad y agilidad, no se alteraron por la masa grasa, r < 0,20. Como conclusión, se evidencia que, la masa grasa puede disminuir la capacidad cardiovascular y resistencia a la fuerza, sin embargo, la flexibilidad y la velocidad-agilidad pueden no alterarse.  Abstract. The following study aimed at determining the correlation between body composition and physical condition in sixth grade students from the high school Institución Educativa Moderna in Tuluá, Colombia. It was carried as a non-experimental, descriptive, and correlational study. The assessment of body composition was carried out using the body mass index and the fat percentage based on Slaughter and Lohmann formula. Physical condition was determined by using the Fitnessgram battery. The sample consisted of 193 boys and girls, around eight and 12 years old. The results were determined by means of descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. These results showed r = -0.52 and -0.72 for boys and girls respectively, after correlating the percentage of fat and cardiovascular capacity. The correlation of their body mass index and their body weight, towards the percentage of fat were: r = 0.59 girl, 0.76 boy and r = 0.46 girl and 0.67 boy respectively, indicating that, the higher the body mass the higher the increase of fat. The correlation between fat mass and the fixed bar test was inverse, but not high: r = -0.23 and -0.24. However, when this test was correlated with the body mass index, that correlation was higher: r = -0.57 and -0.78, reflecting that the body mass affected the resistance at the bar. Flexibility and agility were not altered by fat mass: r <0.20. In conclusion, it is evidenced that fat mass can decrease cardiovascular capacity and resistance to strength, however, flexibility and speed-agility may not be altered.

scholarly journals Comparison of a GE Lunar DPX-IQ and a Norland XR-26 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner for body composition measurements in pigs – <i>in vivo</i>

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lösel ◽  
P. Kremer ◽  
E. Albrecht ◽  
A. M. Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. In the context of future growth and performance testing, this study compares corresponding body composition results measured by two dual energy X-ray absorptiometry systems. To test the capability of each device to detect differences among experimental groups widely varying in body composition, 77 pigs from 6 purebred/crossbred groups were used for the experiment. Each pig was scanned consecutively on a Norland XR-26 and on a GE Lunar DPX-IQ. Coefficients of determination were: R²=0.92 for bone mineral content (BMC), R²=0.90 for bone mineral density (BMD), R²=0.94 for lean mass (LEAN), R²=0.92 for fat mass (FAT), R²=0.88 for lean percentage (%LEAN) and fat percentage (%FAT). However, Norland yielded larger values for %FAT and smaller values for %LEAN, BMC, and BMD than Lunar (P<0.001) with the extent of deviation depending on the specific trait and on the breeding group. The deviation in BMC was greater than the deviation in BMD, suggesting different bone detecting algorithms. Both systems revealed similar differences among the breeding groups, and ranked them in the same order based on numerical values. Differences in calibration, bone detection, and software algorithms, however, require a prior crosscalibration to make the body composition data from both systems directly comparable. Finally, they can be used across research centres for the determination of relative and absolute body composition differences among animal groups and individuals.

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is a valid tool for assessing in vivo body composition of broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Angelica Gonçalves ◽  
Nilva Kazue Sakomura ◽  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni ◽  
Rafael Massami Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive

The use of non-invasive techniques to estimate body composition in animals in vivo conforms to the desire to improve the welfare of animals during research and also has the potential to advance scientific research. The purpose of the present study was to determine a predictive equation of the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method for broilers by comparing the measurement of body composition using DXA with that by chemical analysis. In total, 720 day-old Cobb500 broilers were distributed into a split-plot arrangement 3 (crude protein concentrations of diets) × 2 (genders) × 2 (methods of chemical body evaluation), with six replications of 20 birds each. To promote the modification of the body composition of broilers, diets varied in the crude protein concentration, which was 70%, 100% and 130% of the required. Two hundred and sixteen birds in different ages were evaluated by its bodyweight, lean, fat and ash contents. The data were submitted to ANOVA and it was demonstrated that the dietary crude protein levels applied allowed a greater variation of the body composition of the birds. Also, the results indicated that the DXA method did not predict fat mass, lean mass or bone mineral content as well as did chemical composition analysis, resulting in the need to develop regression equations for improving the in vivo prediction of these chemical components. The regression equations developed here enable the feather-free body composition of individual broilers to be directly estimated throughout growth using the DXA non-invasive technique.

scholarly journals Case Study: Resumption of Eumenorrhea in Parallel With High Training Load After 4 Years of Menstrual Dysfunction: A 5-Year Follow-Up of an Elite Female Cyclist

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
José L. Areta
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Maximal Power ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
X Ray

The female athlete triad is a condition where low energy availability is typically observed together with menstrual dysfunction and/or low bone mineral density. How this condition affects maximal work capacity in endurance athletes is not clear, and the recovery time course of menses with increased energy availability with concomitant high training load is unknown. This case study of an amenorrheic elite road cyclist reports resumption of normal menstrual function after weight gain during a 5-year period (2014–2019), while engaged in high training load and competition. The athlete ( 3.54 L/min, 64 ml·min−1·kg−1, aerobic peak power output 300 W, 5.4 W/kg) reported amenorrhea (2013–2015) and oligomenorrhea (2015–2018). Training load increased from 2014 to 2019 (584–818 hr/year and 26,707–41,945 training stress score/year). Regular menses (every 23–35 days) resumed in June 2018, ∼5–6 months after a weight gain episode. During the period of menstrual dysfunction, body mass was 51.3 ± 2.25 kg (mean ± 95% confidence limit) and fat percentage was 19% (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 2016), and after weight gain, body mass was 56.8 ± 2.63 kg and fat percentage was 25% (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 2019). Crank-based power meter data showed absolute mean maximal power (in watts) improvement over the 5 s to 4 hr range through the 2014–2019 period, while relative mean maximal power (in watts per kilogram) likely peaked in the 2015–2016 season for 5 min, 20 min, and 30 min, but remained mostly unchanged across seasons. Results suggest that (a) the best relative power output associated with aerobic capacity (5 min to 1 hr) can be achieved during menstrual dysfunction, (b) high performance achieved despite an increase in body mass, and (c) resumption of menses is achievable while maintaining high training loads when coupled with high energy availability.

scholarly journals Biometric Measures, Body Score and Body Mass Index Evaluation in Wild Coatis (Nasua Nasua) Living in the South-Central Region of São Paulo State, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Sardela Ferro ◽  
Alícia Giolo Hippólito ◽  
Maria Cristina Reis Castiglioni ◽  
José Ivaldo De Siqueira Silva Junior ◽  
Carlos Roberto Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Nasua Nasua ◽  
Condition Score

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. The proximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eating habits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals’ energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body mass to evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen (16) wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. The following variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracic and abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two body mass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well as the body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic and abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantly higher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlation between fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation between BMI2 and body weight, and BCS, than between BMI1 and these two parameters.Discussion: Anthropogenic interactions could change the body condition of these animals and make them prone to obesity, since their body condition scores were altered. With regard to the nutritional body condition, although males were bigger than females, the measures did not show significant differences between them. Results of this parameter varied in different studies with coatis, some studies have shown that males have body mass 1/3 higher than that of females and others have not recorded any difference between sexes. Fat percentage estimated through the metrics used in cats is not a good method when it is applied alone in body condition evaluations. A study that has correlated body mass, body condition score, body fat estimates, body mass index and abdominal circumference recorded positive results between these two evaluation methods. Such finding corroborated with the present study, but it was differed from it in abdominal circumference, which did not correlate to the two body mass indices and to body fat percentage. Therefore, it is possible saying that there is biometric difference between male and female coatis. The body condition score adopted for dogs was efficient for coatis (Nasua nasua), as well as the body mass index used for dogs and cats – the one used for cats was even more efficient. The proximity wild coatis (Nasua nasua) have to humans could change the body condition of these animals and make them prone to obesity.

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