scholarly journals An overview of FSH-FSHR biology and explaining the existing conundrums

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Bhartiya ◽  
Hiren Patel
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Adult Tissues ◽  
Resident Stem Cells ◽  
Observation Results

AbstractFSH was first identified in 1930 and is central to mammalian reproduction. It is indeed intriguing that despite being researched upon for about 90 years, there is still so much more to learn about FSH-FSHR biology. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current understanding of FSH-FSHR biology, to review published data on biological and clinical relevance of reported mutations, polymorphisms and alternately spliced isoforms of FSHR. Tissue-resident stem/progenitor cells in multiple adult tissues including ovaries, testes and uterus express FSHR and this observation results in a paradigm shift in the field. The results suggest a direct action of FSH on the stem cells in addition to their well-studied action on Granulosa and Sertoli cells in the ovaries and testes respectively. Present review further addresses various concerns raised in recent times by the scientific community regarding extragonadal expression of FSHR, especially in cancers affecting multiple organs. Similar population of primitive and pluripotent tissue-resident stem cells expressing FSHR exist in multiple adult tissues including bone marrow and reproductive tissues and help maintain homeostasis throughout life. Any dysfunction of these stem cells results in various pathologies and they also most likely get transformed into cancer stem cells and initiate cancer. This explains why multiple solid as well as liquid tumors express OCT-4 and FSHR. More research efforts need to be focused on alternately spliced FSHR isoforms.

scholarly journals Adult tissue-resident stem cells—fact or fiction?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Bhartiya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cardiac Tissues ◽  
Adult Tissues ◽  
Resident Stem Cells ◽  
Abundant Cytoplasm

AbstractLife-long tissue homeostasis of adult tissues is supposedly maintained by the resident stem cells. These stem cells are quiescent in nature and rarely divide to self-renew and give rise to tissue-specific “progenitors” (lineage-restricted and tissue-committed) which divide rapidly and differentiate into tissue-specific cell types. However, it has proved difficult to isolate these quiescent stem cells as a physical entity. Recent single-cell RNAseq studies on several adult tissues including ovary, prostate, and cardiac tissues have not been able to detect stem cells. Thus, it has been postulated that adult cells dedifferentiate to stem-like state to ensure regeneration and can be defined as cells capable to replace lost cells through mitosis. This idea challenges basic paradigm of development biology regarding plasticity that a cell enters point of no return once it initiates differentiation. The underlying reason for this dilemma is that we are putting stem cells and somatic cells together while processing for various studies. Stem cells and adult mature cell types are distinct entities; stem cells are quiescent, small in size, and with minimal organelles whereas the mature cells are metabolically active and have multiple organelles lying in abundant cytoplasm. As a result, they do not pellet down together when centrifuged at 100–350g. At this speed, mature cells get collected but stem cells remain buoyant and can be pelleted by centrifuging at 1000g. Thus, inability to detect stem cells in recently published single-cell RNAseq studies is because the stem cells were unknowingly discarded while processing and were never subjected to RNAseq. This needs to be kept in mind before proposing to redefine adult stem cells.

scholarly journals Polycomb Repressive Complex(es) and Their Role in Adult Stem Cells

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1485
Author(s):  
Pooja Flora ◽  
Gil Dalal ◽  
Idan Cohen ◽  
Elena Ezhkova
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Polycomb Group ◽  
Polycomb Repressive Complex ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Adult Tissues ◽  
Resident Stem Cells ◽  
And Function

Populations of resident stem cells (SCs) are responsible for maintaining, repairing, and regenerating adult tissues. In addition to having the capacity to generate all the differentiated cell types of the tissue, adult SCs undergo long periods of quiescence within the niche to maintain themselves. The process of SC renewal and differentiation is tightly regulated for proper tissue regeneration throughout an organisms’ lifetime. Epigenetic regulators, such as the polycomb group (PcG) of proteins have been implicated in modulating gene expression in adult SCs to maintain homeostatic and regenerative balances in adult tissues. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that elucidate the composition and function of the polycomb repressive complex machinery and highlight their role in diverse adult stem cell compartments.

scholarly journals Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in multiple organs affected by COVID-19

Life Sciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 278 ◽  
pp. 119510
Author(s):  
Gustavo C. Paris ◽  
Aline A. Azevedo ◽  
Adriana L. Ferreira ◽  
Yanca M.A. Azevedo ◽  
Mateus A. Rainho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Multiple Organs

Tissue resident stem cells produce CCL5 under the influence of cancer cells and thereby promote breast cancer cell invasion

2009 ◽  
Vol 284 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Severin Pinilla ◽  
Eckhard Alt ◽  
F.J. Abdul Khalek ◽  
Constantin Jotzu ◽  
Fabian Muehlberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell ◽  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Cancer Cell Invasion ◽  
Breast Cancer Cell Invasion ◽  
Resident Stem Cells ◽  
Promote Breast Cancer

scholarly journals Generation of Cardiomyocytes From Vascular Adventitia-Resident Stem Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 686-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subba Rao Mekala ◽  
Philipp Wörsdörfer ◽  
Jochen Bauer ◽  
Olga Stoll ◽  
Nicole Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Aortic Wall ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Cardiac Progenitors ◽  
Resident Stem Cells

Rationale: Regeneration of lost cardiomyocytes is a fundamental unresolved problem leading to heart failure. Despite several strategies developed from intensive studies performed in the past decades, endogenous regeneration of heart tissue is still limited and presents a big challenge that needs to be overcome to serve as a successful therapeutic option for myocardial infarction. Objective: One of the essential prerequisites for cardiac regeneration is the identification of endogenous cardiomyocyte progenitors and their niche that can be targeted by new therapeutic approaches. In this context, we hypothesized that the vascular wall, which was shown to harbor different types of stem and progenitor cells, might serve as a source for cardiac progenitors. Methods and Results: We describe generation of spontaneously beating mouse aortic wall-derived cardiomyocytes without any genetic manipulation. Using aortic wall-derived cells (AoCs) of WT (wild type), αMHC (α-myosin heavy chain), and Flk1 (fetal liver kinase 1)-reporter mice and magnetic bead-associated cell sorting sorting of Flk1 + AoCs from GFP (green fluorescent protein) mice, we identified Flk1 + CD (cluster of differentiation) 34 + Sca-1 (stem cell antigen-1)-CD44 − AoCs as the population that gives rise to aortic wall-derived cardiomyocytes. This AoC subpopulation delivered also endothelial cells and macrophages with a particular accumulation within the aortic wall-derived cardiomyocyte containing colonies. In vivo, cardiomyocyte differentiation capacity was studied by implantation of fluorescently labeled AoCs into chick embryonic heart. These cells acquired cardiomyocyte-like phenotype as shown by αSRA (α-sarcomeric actinin) expression. Furthermore, coronary adventitial Flk1 + and CD34 + cells proliferated, migrated into the myocardium after mouse myocardial infarction, and expressed Isl-1 + (insulin gene enhancer protein-1) indicative of cardiovascular progenitor potential. Conclusions: Our data suggest Flk1 + CD34 + vascular adventitia-resident stem cells, including those of coronary adventitia, as a novel endogenous source for generating cardiomyocytes. This process is essentially supported by endothelial cells and macrophages. In summary, the therapeutic manipulation of coronary adventitia-resident cardiac stem and their supportive cells may open new avenues for promoting cardiac regeneration and repair after myocardial infarction and for preventing heart failure.

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