scholarly journals Horizontal-vertical movement relationships: Adélie penguins forage continuously throughout provisioning trips

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed Riaz ◽  
Sophie Bestley ◽  
Simon Wotherspoon ◽  
Louise Emmerson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Adélie Penguins

Abstract Background Diving marine predators forage in a three-dimensional environment, adjusting their horizontal and vertical movement behaviour in response to environmental conditions and the spatial distribution of prey. Expectations regarding horizontal-vertical movements are derived from optimal foraging theories, however, inconsistent empirical findings across a range of taxa suggests these behavioural assumptions are not universally applicable. Methods Here, we examined how changes in horizontal movement trajectories corresponded with diving behaviour and marine environmental conditions for a ubiquitous Southern Ocean predator, the Adélie penguin. Integrating extensive telemetry-based movement and environmental datasets for chick-rearing Adélie penguins at Béchervaise Island, we tested the relationships between horizontal move persistence (continuous scale indicating low [‘resident’] to high [‘directed’] movement autocorrelation), vertical dive effort and environmental variables. Results Penguins dived continuously over the course of their foraging trips and lower horizontal move persistence corresponded with less intense foraging activity, likely indicative of resting behaviour. This challenges the traditional interpretation of horizontal-vertical movement relationships based on optimal foraging models, which assumes increased residency within an area translates to increased foraging activity. Movement was also influenced by different environmental conditions during the two stages of chick-rearing: guard and crèche. These differences highlight the strong seasonality of foraging habitat for chick-rearing Adélie penguins at Béchervaise Island. Conclusions Our findings advance our understanding of the foraging behaviour for this marine predator and demonstrates the importance of integrating spatial location and behavioural data before inferring habitat use.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Outcome Assessments of Surgical Correction in Cleft and Noncleft Patients with Class III Skeletal Relation: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Te-Ju Wu ◽  
Cheng-Chun Wu ◽  
Chi-Yu Tsai ◽  
Yi-Hao Lee ◽  
Yu-Jen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Control Study

Background. The orthognathic strategies to treat patients with a concave profile but different tissue conditions remain controversial. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the outcome predictability of orthognathic surgery in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients and matched controls. Methods. Fifty consecutive CLP and 45 matched non-CLP patients who received whole-piece Le Fort I and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy to correct class III skeletal relations were enrolled. The outcome discrepancies (ODs) from simulations among all groups were evaluated with consideration of the possible influences from planned surgical movements (PSM). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine threshold values of PSMs that yielded clinically relevant OD. Results. Unilateral CLP (UCLP) patients had comparable postsurgical OD to non-CLP patients in both jaws, whereas bilateral CLP (BCLP) patients had greater deviations from predicted results. Vertical movement of the A − point > 1.33   mm and yaw   correction > 1.65 ° in the BCLP patients was associated with clinically relevant maxillary OD. Conclusions. The OGS outcomes of BCLP patients were less predictable than those of the UCLP and noncleft patients. Vertical movements of the A − point > 1.33   mm and yaw   correction > 1.65 ° in BCLP patients increased OD to a clinically relevant extent.

scholarly journals The influence of visual feedback and register changes on sign language production: A kinematic study with deaf signers

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN EMMOREY ◽  
NELLY GERTSBERG ◽  
FRANCO KORPICS ◽  
CHARLES E. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Tunnel Vision ◽  
The Right ◽  
Deaf Signers

ABSTRACTSpeakers monitor their speech output by listening to their own voice. However, signers do not look directly at their hands and cannot see their own face. We investigated the importance of a visual perceptual loop for sign language monitoring by examining whether changes in visual input alter sign production. Deaf signers produced American Sign Language (ASL) signs within a carrier phrase under five conditions: blindfolded, wearing tunnel-vision goggles, normal (citation) signing, shouting, and informal signing. Three-dimensional movement trajectories were obtained using an Optotrak Certus system. Informally produced signs were shorter with less vertical movement. Shouted signs were displaced forward and to the right and were produced within a larger volume of signing space, with greater velocity, greater distance traveled, and a longer duration. Tunnel vision caused signers to produce less movement within the vertical dimension of signing space, but blind and citation signing did not differ significantly on any measure, except duration. Thus, signers do not “sign louder” when they cannot see themselves, but they do alter their sign production when vision is restricted. We hypothesize that visual feedback serves primarily to fine-tune the size of signing space rather than as input to a comprehension-based monitor.

scholarly journals EPCO-31. EPIGENOMIC INTRATUMORAL HETEROGENEITY OF GLIOBLASTOMA IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii76-ii76
Author(s):  
Radhika Mathur ◽  
Sriranga Iyyanki ◽  
Stephanie Hilz ◽  
Chibo Hong ◽  
Joanna Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Intratumoral Heterogeneity ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Open Chromatin

Abstract Treatment failure in glioblastoma is often attributed to intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH), which fosters tumor evolution and generation of therapy-resistant clones. While ITH in glioblastoma has been well-characterized at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, the extent of ITH at the epigenomic level and its biological and clinical significance are not well understood. In collaboration with neurosurgeons, neuropathologists, and biomedical imaging experts, we have established a novel topographical approach towards characterizing epigenomic ITH in three-dimensional (3-D) space. We utilize pre-operative MRI scans to define tumor volume and then utilize 3-D surgical neuro-navigation to intra-operatively acquire 10+ samples representing maximal anatomical diversity. The precise spatial location of each sample is mapped by 3-D coordinates, enabling tumors to be visualized in 360-degrees and providing unprecedented insight into their spatial organization and patterning. For each sample, we conduct assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-Seq), which provides information on the genomic locations of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins, and individual nucleosomes at nucleotide resolution. We additionally conduct whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing for each spatially mapped sample. Integrative analysis of these datasets reveals distinct patterns of chromatin accessibility within glioblastoma tumors, as well as their associations with genetically defined clonal expansions. Our analysis further reveals how differences in chromatin accessibility within tumors reflect underlying transcription factor activity at gene regulatory elements, including both promoters and enhancers, and drive expression of particular gene expression sets, including neuronal and immune programs. Collectively, this work provides the most comprehensive characterization of epigenomic ITH to date, establishing its importance for driving tumor evolution and therapy resistance in glioblastoma. As a resource for further investigation, we have provided our datasets on an interactive data sharing platform – The 3D Glioma Atlas – that enables 360-degree visualization of both genomic and epigenomic ITH.

scholarly journals Engineering Comprehensive Model of Complex Wind Fields for Flight Simulation

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Jianwei Chen ◽  
Liangming Wang ◽  
Jian Fu ◽  
Zhiwei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Flight Trajectory ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Field Simulation ◽  
Low Level Jet

A complex wind field refers to the typical atmospheric disturbance phenomena existing in nature that have a great influence on the flight of aircrafts. Aimed at the issues involving large volume of data, complex computations and a single model in the current wind field simulation approaches for flight environments, based on the essential principles of fluid mechanics, in this paper, wind field models for two kinds of wind shear such as micro-downburst and low-level jet plus three-dimensional atmospheric turbulence are established. The validity of the models is verified by comparing the simulation results from existing wind field models and the measured data. Based on the principle of vector superposition, three wind field models are combined in the ground coordinate system, and a comprehensive model of complex wind fields is established with spatial location as the input and wind velocity as the output. The model is applied to the simulated flight of a rocket projectile, and the change in the rocket projectile’s flight attitude and flight trajectory under different wind fields is analyzed. The results indicate that the comprehensive model established herein can reasonably and efficiently reflect the influence of various complex wind field environments on the flight process of aircrafts, and that the model is simple, extensible, and convenient to use.

scholarly journals The Application of Visual Environmental Economics in the Study of Public Preference and Urban Greenspace

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Laing ◽  
Anne-Marie Davies ◽  
David Miller ◽  
Anna Conniff ◽  
Stephen Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computer Models ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Public Preference ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Urban Greenspace ◽  
Physical Variables

Urban greenspace has consistently been argued to be of great importance to the wellbeing, health, and daily lives of residents and users. This paper reports results from a study that combined the visualisation of public results from a study that combined the visualisation of public greenspace with environmental economics, and that aimed to develop a method by which realistic computer models of sites could be used within preference studies. As part of a methodology that employed contingent rating to establish the values placed on specific greenspace sites, three-dimensional computer models were used to produce visualisations of particular environmental conditions. Of particular importance to the study was the influence of variables including lighting, season, time of day, and weather on the perception of respondents. This study followed previous work that established a suitable approach to the modelling and testing of entirely moveable physical variables within the built environment. As such, the study has established firmly that computer-generated visualisations are appropriate for use within environmental economic surveys, and that there is potential for a holistic range of attributes to be included in such studies.

TABLES, a program to display space-group symmetry information in three dimensions

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Abad-Zapatero ◽  
T. J. O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Computer Graphics ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Group Symmetry ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Interactive Display ◽  
Symmetry Operators ◽  
Group Information

TABLES is a computer program developed to display the crystal symmetry and the spatial location of the different symmetry operators for a given space group using interactive computer graphics. It allows the three-dimensional interactive display of the space-group information contained in International Tables for Crystallography [(1983), Vol. A. Dordrecht: Reidel]. Such a program is useful as a teaching aid in crystallography and is valuable for exploring molecular packing arrangements.

The Subtalar Joint Axis Locator

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon K. Spooner ◽  
Kevin A. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Exit Point ◽  
Neck Position ◽  
Dorsal Aspect ◽  
Joint Axis ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Rotational Motions

A new clinical device, the subtalar joint axis locator, was created to track the three-dimensional location of the subtalar joint axis during weightbearing movements of the foot. The assumption was that if the anterior exit point of the subtalar joint axis is stationary relative to the dorsal aspect of the talar neck, then, by performing radiographs of the feet with the subtalar joint axis locator in place on the foot, the ability of the locator to track rotations and translations of the talar neck and thus the subtalar joint axis in space could be approximated. In this preliminary study of two adults, the subtalar joint axis locator accurately tracked the talar neck position during weightbearing rotational motions of the subtalar joint. The device was also used in a series of subjects to determine its dynamic capabilities. It is possible, then, that the subtalar joint axis locator can reliably track the spatial location of the subtalar joint axis during weightbearing movements of the foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(3): 212–219, 2006)

A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Thermohydrodynamic Performance of Sector-Shaped, Tilting-Pad Thrust Bearings

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Woong Kim ◽  
Masato Tanaka ◽  
Yukio Hori
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Thrust Bearings ◽  
Tilting Pad ◽  
Dimensional Variation ◽  
Lubricant Viscosity

The thermohydrodynamic performance of the bearing is analyzed, taking into account the three-dimensional variation of lubricant viscosity and density. The effect of pivot position and operating and environmental conditions on the performance is studied. The present analysis is compared with the isoviscous or the two-dimensional analysis, and is found to predict the bearing performance more accurately.

The Swimbladder and the Vertical Movement of Teleostean Fishes

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-566
Author(s):  
F. R. HARDEN JONES
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Percentage Volume ◽  
Two Factors

The vertical movements of a teleostean fish may be restricted by the presence of the swimbladder, which will increase or decrease in volume when the fish moves up or down in the water. It is shown that the restriction that the swimbladder imposes to vertical movements involving a reduction in pressure will depend on physical factors such as (1) The resistance that the bladder and body wall offer to the expansion of the bladder gas. (2) The percentage volume of the swimbladder and the density change of the fish when it is subjected to a reduction in pressure. (3) The pressure reduction that leads to the rupture of the bladder wall. A distinction is made between rapid and slow movements. In the former the compensatory ability of the fish must be considered and in the latter the speed with which the fish can accommodate itself to pressure changes. An equation is derived from which the minimum speed at which a physoclist can migrate from deep to shallow water can be calculated. To solve the equation two factors must be determined experimentally. Various experiments are described which were made on the perch, Perca fluviatilis, the wrasse, Crenilabrus melops, the rockling, Onos mustela and the dragonet, Callionymus lyra. The results showed that there was a relation between the relative size of the swimbladder and the change in the density of a fish when it is subjected to a reduction in pressure; that the bladder and body wall of the perch offer little resistance to the expansion of the bladder gas; and that the danger of the bladder wall rupturing might restrict the extent of rapid movements made by the perch. Experiments on the restriction that the swimbladder imposes to the rapid and slow vertical movements of the perch will be described in a following paper.

Spatial Kinematic Analysis of Threaded Fastener Assembly

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Wiedmann ◽  
Bob Sturges
Keyword(s):  
Design Space ◽  
Compliant Mechanisms ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Geometric Problem ◽  
Intelligent Sensor ◽  
Contact State ◽  
Contact Points

Compliant mechanisms for rigid part mating exist for prismatic geometries. A few instances are known of mechanisms to assemble screw threads. A comprehensive solution to this essentially geometric problem comprises at least three parts: parametric equations for nut and bolt contact in the critical starting phase of assembly, the possible space of motions between these parts during this phase, and the design space of compliant devices which accomplish the desired motions in the presence of friction and positional uncertainty. This work concentrates on the second part in which the threaded pair is modeled numerically, and contact tests are automated through software. Tessellated solid models were used during three-dimensional collision analysis to enumerate the approximate location of the initial contact point. The advent of a second contact point presented a more constrained contact state. Thus, the bolt is rotated about a vector defined by the initial two contact points until a third contact location was found. By analyzing the depth of intersection of the bolt into the nut as well as the vertical movement of the origin of the bolt reference frame, we determined that there are three types of contacts states present: unstable two-point, quasi-stable two-point, stable three point. The space of possible motions is bounded by these end conditions which will differ in detail depending upon the starting orientations. We investigated all potential orientations which obtain from a discretization of the roll, pitch, and yaw uncertainties, each of which has its own set of contact points. From this exhaustive examination, a full contact state history was determined, which lays the foundation for the design space of either compliant mechanisms or intelligent sensor-rich controls.

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