Predicting students’ flow experience through behavior data in gamified educational systems

AbstractThe flow experience (i.e., challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, concentration, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness, transformation of time, and autotelic experience) is an experience highly related to the learning experience. One of the current challenges is to identify whether students are managing to achieve this experience in educational systems. The methods currently used to identify students’ flow experience are based on self-reports or equipment (e.g., eye trackers or electroencephalograms). The main problem with these methods is the high cost of the equipment and the impossibility of applying them massively. To address this challenge, we used behavior data logs produced by students during the use of a gamified educational system to predict the students’ flow experience. Through a data-driven study (N = 23) using structural equation modeling, we identified possibilities to predict the students’ flow experience through the speed of students’ actions. With this initial study, we advance the literature, especially contributing to the field of student experience analysis, by bringing insights showing how to step towards automatic students’ flow experience identification in gamified educational systems.

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An Empirical Study on the Impact of E-Commerce Live Features on Consumers’ Purchase Intention: From the Perspective of Flow Experience and Social Presence

Information ◽

10.3390/info12080324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 324

Author(s):

Haijian Wang ◽

Jianyi Ding ◽

Umair Akram ◽

Xialei Yue ◽

Yitao Chen

Keyword(s):

Social Presence ◽

Purchase Intention ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Focus Of Attention ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Flow Experience ◽

Live Broadcast ◽

Modeling Data ◽

The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic and the continuous advancement of live e-commerce technology pushed the swift growth of live e-commerce in China. Based on the S–O–R theoretical framework, this study investigates the impact of live broadcast characteristics on consumers’ social presence and flow experience, along with their impact on the consumers’ consumption intention in live e-commerce scenarios through questionnaires. Using structural equation modeling, data processing and involvement were introduced as regulating variables. Host charm, interaction, and trust in the host exerted a significant positive impact on social presence. In addition, host charm and trust in host significantly affected flow experience, and social presence significantly affected flow experience. Both social presence and flow experience significantly affected consumption intention, while involvement affected all paths to some extent. Overall, this study illustrates the significance of host in live e-commerce, and consumers with low involvement should be the focus of attention in live e-commerce.

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An Empirical Research on Factors Influencing Purchase Intention of Mobile Shopping

Sinología hispánica ◽

10.18002/sin.v1i6.5491 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Luo Yong ◽

Li Shenghua

Keyword(s):

Purchase Intention ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Factor Model ◽

Influencing Factor ◽

Perceived Value ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Flow Experience ◽

Font Size ◽

Mobile Shopping ◽

The Impact

Based on the theory of Flow experience, this thesis combines the theory of perceived value with the theory of customer innovation, and constructs the influencing factor model of Smartphone users’ purchase intention. The paper aims to understand the impact of Flow experience in the intention of mobile shopping in China. To address this, an empirical study with 430 subjects was carried out. It collected the data by questionnaire with 5-point Likert scale, and used SPSS.22.0 and AMOS.21 to encode and analysis the data by the method of factor analysis, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that flow experience has a significant positive effect on the purchase intention of mobile shopping, and customer innovation has a direct effect on flow experience which in turn impacts purchase intention. Furthermore, this study also reveals that perceived value influence mobile shopping deeply. Key words: Mobile shopping

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Exploring stickiness intention of B2C online shopping malls

International Journal of Web Information Systems ◽

10.1108/ijwis-10-2017-0071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 177-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zheshi Bao ◽

Taozhen Huang

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Information Quality ◽

Online Shopping ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Flow Experience ◽

Shopping Malls ◽

Mediation Effects ◽

Content Type ◽

Online Consumers

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of flow experience and e-trust in online consumers’ stickiness intentions from a perspective of information quality and discuss how to retain these consumers. Design/methodology/approach The authors proposed a research model by integrating three dimensions of information quality, flow experience and e-trust. These factors were analyzed to explore the direct and indirect effects on consumers’ stickiness intention. Online questionnaires were adopted to collect data and 259 valid samples were analyzed by structural equation modeling approach. Findings The findings show that information quality provided by B2C online shopping malls can indirectly affect consumers’ stickiness intention through the mediation effects of flow experience and e-trust. Besides, flow experience can also significantly affect e-trust and then indirectly influence stickiness intention. Research limitations/implications The findings suggest that information quality can trigger the effects of flow experience and e-trust to keep stickiness of online consumers. Besides, in the context of online shopping, flow experience would promote consumers’ trust toward e-retailers. Some other theoretical and practical implications are also provided. Originality/value This study indicates the effects of flow experience and e-trust on stickiness intention from an information quality perspective. Meanwhile, the authors also intend to discuss the relationship between consumers’ flow experience and e-trust in the context of B2C online shopping.

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Can gamification and interface design aesthetics lead to MOOCs' success?

Education + Training ◽

10.1108/et-09-2020-0278 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Yung-Ming Cheng

Keyword(s):

Interface Design ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Online Courses ◽

Perceived Usefulness ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Flow Experience ◽

Continuance Intention ◽

Comprehensive University ◽

Content Type ◽

Perceived Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to propose an integrated post-adoption model based on expectation-confirmation model (ECM) and flow theory to examine whether gamification and interface design aesthetics as antecedents to students' beliefs can affect their continuance intention of massive open online courses (MOOCs) and perceived impact on learning.Design/methodology/approachSample data for this study were collected from students enrolled in a comprehensive university in Taiwan. A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed in the campus, and 318 (53.0%) useable questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling in this study.FindingsThis study's results verified that students' perceived gamification and interface design aesthetics of MOOCs positively affected their perceived usefulness, confirmation and flow experience elicited by MOOCs, and these in turn directly or indirectly led to their satisfaction, continuance intention of MOOCs and perceived impact on learning. Essentially, the results strongly support the research model with all hypothesized links being significant.Originality/valueIt should be particularly noticed that this study contributes to the application of capturing both ECM and flow experience (i.e. an intrinsic motivator) for completely explaining students' perceived gamification and interface design aesthetics as external variables to their continuance intention of MOOCs and perceived impact on learning, and this study's empirical evidence can further shed light on the possible formulation of MOOCs success.

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Service innovation, service delivery and customer satisfaction and loyalty in the banking sector of Ghana

International Journal of Bank Marketing ◽

10.1108/ijbm-06-2018-0142 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 1215-1233 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kong YuSheng ◽

Masud Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Service Delivery ◽

Financial Services ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Banking Sector ◽

Innovation Management ◽

Service Innovation ◽

Initial Study ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type

Purpose The concept of innovation is gaining ground steadily in the context of an increasingly competitive and highly volatile banking sector. The purpose of this paper is to find out the role of service innovation (SI) in the relationship between service delivery (SERVD), customer satisfaction (CSAT) and loyalty in the banking sector of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Drawing from banking and marketing literature, a conceptual framework was developed and tested using data from 450 sampled customers of commercial banks in Ghana. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings The findings indicate that SI has direct influence on SERVD and CSAT. Again the findings revealed a positive relationship between SERVD, CSAT and bank customer loyalty. Research limitations/implications This study offers theoretical support for the adoption of innovative techniques in service provision and delivery. Originality/value This paper provides an initial study into innovation management in financial services context in an emerging economy.

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Communal strength, exchange orientation, equity, and relational maintenance

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships ◽

10.1177/0265407520923741 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (8-9) ◽

pp. 2345-2365

Author(s):

Laura Stafford

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Relational Maintenance ◽

Heterosexual Couples ◽

Independence Model ◽

Exchange Orientation ◽

Maintenance Behaviors ◽

Self Reports ◽

Communal Orientation ◽

Communal Strength

The purpose of this study was to explore communal strength (i.e., partner-specific communal orientation) and partner-specific exchange orientation, as well as equity, as predictors of relational maintenance. A sample of 309 heterosexual couples completed self-reports. Given the dyadic interdependence, the actor–partner independence model was used. Dyadic analyses were undertaken using structural equation modeling conducted in AMOS. Results indicated that underbenefitedness was a predictor of maintenance behaviors, but overbenefitedness was not. Communal strength was also associated with engagement in maintenance behaviors. Importantly, communal strength moderated the association between underbenefitedness and maintenance such that underbenefitedness did not result in decreases in self-reported maintenance behaviors for those with greater communal strength to the same extent as it did for those with lower communal strength. Exchange orientation also moderated the association between underbenefitedness and maintenance behaviors such that a decline in maintenance behaviors was not as pronounced for those with lower exchange orientations as those with higher exchange orientations. Findings suggest the important role relational orientations may play in enacting our relationships.

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The Incremental Validity of Average State Self-Reports Over Global Self-Reports of Personality

10.31219/osf.io/rduzm ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katherine M. Finnigan ◽

Simine Vazire

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Self Bias ◽

Two Samples ◽

Trait Level ◽

Self Reports ◽

And Behavior ◽

Average State

Personality traits are most often assessed using global self-reports of one’s general patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. However, recent theories have challenged the idea that global self-reports are the best way to assess traits. Whole Trait Theory postulates that repeated measures of a person’s self-reported personality states (i.e., the average of many state self-reports) can be an alternative and potentially superior way of measuring a person’s trait level (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015). Our goal is to examine the validity of average state self-reports of personality for measuring between-person differences in what people are typically like. In order to validate average states as a measure of personality, we examine if they are incrementally valid in predicting informant reports above and beyond global self-reports. In two samples, we find that average state self-reports tend to correlate with informant reports, although this relationship is weaker than the relationship between global self-reports and informant reports. Further, using structural equation modeling, we find that average state self-reports do not significantly predict informant reports independently of global self-reports. Our results suggest that average state self-reports may not contain information about between-person differences in personality traits beyond what is captured by global self-reports, and that average state self-reports may contain more self-bias than is commonly believed. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on daily manifestations of personality and the accuracy of self-reports.

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Can Flow Alleviate Anxiety? The Roles of Academic Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem in Building Psychological Sustainability and Resilience

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12072987 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2987 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yanhui Mao ◽

Rui Yang ◽

Marino Bonaiuto ◽

Jianhong Ma ◽

László Harmat

Keyword(s):

Self Efficacy ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Place Identity ◽

Self Report ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Flow Experience ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Academic Self Efficacy

A growing number of studies suggest that flow experience is associated with life satisfaction, eudaimonic well-being, and the perceived strength of one’s social and place identity. However, little research has placed emphasis on flow and its relations with negative experiences such as anxiety. The current study investigated the relations between flow and anxiety by considering the roles of self-esteem and academic self-efficacy. The study sample included 590 Chinese university students, who were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire on flow, anxiety, self-esteem, and academic self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS software, in which both factorial analysis and path analysis were performed. Results revealed that the experience of flow negatively predicted anxiety, and both self-esteem and academic self-efficacy fully mediated the path between flow and anxiety. Specifically, self-esteem played a crucial and complete mediating role in this relationship, while academic self-efficacy mediated the path between self-esteem and anxiety. Our findings enrich the literature on flow experience and help with identifying practical considerations for buffering anxiety and more broadly with fostering strategies for promoting psychological sustainability and resilience.

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Pupils’ Opinions on an Educational Virtual Reality Game in Terms of Flow Experience

International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) ◽

10.3991/ijet.v14i15.10576 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

Emrah Akman ◽

Recep Çakır

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Mathematics Curriculum ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Flow Experience ◽

Digital Learning ◽

Virtual Reality Technology ◽

Digital Learning Environment ◽

Loss Of Self ◽

Action Awareness ◽

Overall Evaluation

The purpose of the study is; to evaluate a game developed by using virtual reality technology in the teaching of fractions which is one of the most difficult topics in the fourth-grade mathematics curriculum, according to the opinions of pupils. An educational virtual reality game (Keşfet Kurtul) was developed for the study. Dur-ing the development of the game, the ideas of experts were utilized and flow theo-ry was taken into account. The educational virtual reality game was developed in the light of the flow theory. The research was carried out in a school in Samsun with 4th grade pupils. The game was evaluated by the pupils in terms of overall evaluation, challenge-skills balance, concentration on the task, clear goals, sense of control, action-awareness merging, loss of self-consciousness, transformation of time, unambiguous feedback and autotelic experience. As a result, the educa-tional virtual reality game Keşfet Kurtul is a digital learning environment that pu-pils enjoyed a lot. It has been determined that all tasks except the "radio" task, and in general the game itself, provide flow experience. It is proposed to redesign just one task of the game in terms of challenge-skills balance and clear goals. It's sug-gested that in experimental studies, different variables can be examined.

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Understanding Users’ Continuance of Facebook

Studies in Virtual Communities, Blogs, and Modern Social Networking ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-4022-1.ch005 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 47-61

Author(s):

Chia-Lin Hsu ◽

Cou-Chen Wu

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Future Research ◽

Flow Experience ◽

Continuance Intention ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Effort Expectancy ◽

Managerial Implications ◽

Expectation Disconfirmation

The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated model designed to examine users’ continuance of Facebook based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), the expectation disconfirmation model (EDM), and flow theory. Empirical data collected from 482 users who have experience with Facebook are subjected to structural equation modeling based on the proposed research model. Results show that users’ continuance intention of Facebook is determined by social influence, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, flow experience, and satisfaction. Satisfaction is significantly affected by flow experience and disconfirmation. Results also suggest that effort expectancy is positively related to flow experience. Based on the findings, managerial implications are discussed in this paper and directions for future research are also highlighted.

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