PENERAPAN MODEL KEMANDIRIAN AKTIF SECARA DARING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN PENGUASAAN MATERI FENOMENA KUANTUM SISWA SMA NEGERI 2 BANDAR LAMPUNG TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021

Lack of passion in studying Physics in this Covid-19 Pandemic era, resulted in less than optimal Physics learning outcomes, this is what moves the author to conduct research with the aim of; (1). Describing student activities in learning activities using an active independence model, (2). Describing students' mastery of quantum phenomena using an active independence model. The sample in this study, namely class XII MIPA-6 which has the characteristics; students' mastery of quantum phenomena is low, and students' activities are limited to sitting, taking notes, and listening. Data collection in this study was carried out using; (1). Student observation sheet, (2). Teacher observation sheet, (3). Group work sheets and presentation review sheets were carried out at each meeting, (4) independent task sheets were carried out in each cycle, and (5) evaluation tests were carried out at the end of each cycle. The data analyzed in this study consisted of; (1). Qualitative data, is data from observations consisting of student activity data and research teacher activity data, (2). Quantitative data, in the form of values ??taken from the group's scientific work, presentation review scores, independent assignment scores and end-of-cycle evaluation scores. Based on the research results obtained; (1). The increase in student activity in the first cycle of 80.56% increased to 86.11% in the second cycle and increased again to 91.67% in the third cycle, (2). The increase in students' mastery of quantum phenomena in the first cycle was 50.85 to 68.96 in the second cycle or 18.11% and increased in the third cycle to 80.84 or an increase of 11.88%. ABSTRAKKurangnya gairah dalam belajar Fisika pada era Pandemi Covid-19 ini, mengakibatkan hasil belajar Fisika yang kurang optimal, hal ini yang menggerakan penulis untuk melakukan penelitian dengan tujuan; (1). Mendeskripsikan aktivitas siswa dalam kegiatan pembelajaran menggunakan model kemandirian aktif, (2). Mendeskripsikan penguasaan siswa terhadap materi fenomena kuantum menggunakan model kemandirian aktif. Percontoh dalam penelitian ini, yakni kelas XII MIPA-6 yang mempunyai karakteristik; penguasaan materi fenomena kuantum siswa rendah, dan aktivitas siswa terbatas pada duduk, mencatat, dan mendengarkan. Pengambilan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan; (1). Lembar observasi siswa, (2). Lembar observasi guru, (3). Lembar kerja kelompok dan lembar review presentasi yang dilakukan pada setiap pertemuan, (4) Lembar tugas mandiri yang dilakukan pada setiap siklusnya, dan (5) Tes evaluasi yang dilaksanakan pada setiap akhir siklus. Data yang dianalisis pada penelitian ini terdiri dari; (1). Data Kualitatif, merupakan data hasil observasi yang terdiri dari data aktivitas siswa dan data aktivitas guru peneliti, (2). Data Kuantitatif, berupa nilai yang diambil dari kerja ilmiah kelomok, nilai review presentasi, nilai tugas mandiri dan nilai evaluasi akhir siklus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh; (1). Peningkatan aktivitas siswa pada siklus I sebesar 80,56% meningkat menjadi 86,11% pada siklus II dan meningkat lagi menjadi 91,67% pada siklus III, (2). Peningkatan penguasaan materi fenomena kuantum siswa pada siklus I sebesar 50,85 menjadi 68,96 pada siklus II atau naik 18,11% dan meningkat pada siklus III menjadi 80,84 atau mengalami kenaikan sebesar 11,88%.

Combination of the Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor PQ912 (Varoglutamstat) and the Murine Monoclonal Antibody PBD-C06 (m6) Shows Additive Effects on Brain Aβ Pathology in Transgenic Mice

Compelling evidence suggests that pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pGlu3-Aβ; AβN3pG) peptides play a pivotal role in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Approaches targeting pGlu3-Aβ by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibition (Varoglutamstat) or monoclonal antibodies (Donanemab) are currently in clinical development. Here, we aimed at an assessment of combination therapy of Varoglutamstat (PQ912) and a pGlu3-Aβ-specific antibody (m6) in transgenic mice. Whereas the single treatments at subtherapeutic doses show moderate (16–41%) but statistically insignificant reduction of Aβ42 and pGlu-Aβ42 in mice brain, the combination of both treatments resulted in significant reductions of Aβ by 45–65%. Evaluation of these data using the Bliss independence model revealed a combination index of ≈1, which is indicative for an additive effect of the compounds. The data are interpreted in terms of different pathways, in which the two drugs act. While PQ912 prevents the formation of pGlu3-Aβ in different compartments, the antibody is able to clear existing pGlu3-Aβ deposits. The results suggest that combination of the small molecule Varoglutamstat and a pE3Aβ-directed monoclonal antibody may allow a reduction of the individual compound doses while maintaining the therapeutic effect.

Extending the Basic Local Independence Model to Polytomous Data

A probabilistic framework for the polytomous extension of knowledge space theory (KST) is proposed. It consists in a probabilistic model, called polytomous local independence model, that is developed as a generalization of the basic local independence model. The algorithms for computing “maximum likelihood” (ML) and “minimum discrepancy” (MD) estimates of the model parameters have been derived and tested in a simulation study. Results show that the algorithms differ in their capability of recovering the true parameter values. The ML algorithm correctly recovers the true values, regardless of the manipulated variables. This is not totally true for the MD algorithm. Finally, the model has been applied to a real polytomous data set collected in the area of psychological assessment. Results show that it can be successfully applied in practice, paving the way to a number of applications of KST outside the area of knowledge and learning assessment.

Reply to Henk van den Belt’s and Rick Benjamins’ articles : The resurrection and the subject philosophy

In the first part, Dirk-Martin Grube follows Paul Tillich’s leads by suggesting that revelation consists primarily in knowledge of knowledge rather than knowledge of facts. Grube holds that the evidence for the resurrection is such that its historicity can neither be confirmed (against Henk van den Belt) nor denied. Rather, it should be considered to be logically undecidable. Different from Van den Belt, Grube follows Tillich by sympathizing with the independence model for relating religion to science. In the second part, Grube takes up the issue Rick Benjamins focusses on, subject philosophy. After delving into the different positions on the way in which Tillich has adopted this philosophy, Grube evaluates subject philosophy, partly deviating from Benjamins, partly agreeing with him.

Communal strength, exchange orientation, equity, and relational maintenance

The purpose of this study was to explore communal strength (i.e., partner-specific communal orientation) and partner-specific exchange orientation, as well as equity, as predictors of relational maintenance. A sample of 309 heterosexual couples completed self-reports. Given the dyadic interdependence, the actor–partner independence model was used. Dyadic analyses were undertaken using structural equation modeling conducted in AMOS. Results indicated that underbenefitedness was a predictor of maintenance behaviors, but overbenefitedness was not. Communal strength was also associated with engagement in maintenance behaviors. Importantly, communal strength moderated the association between underbenefitedness and maintenance such that underbenefitedness did not result in decreases in self-reported maintenance behaviors for those with greater communal strength to the same extent as it did for those with lower communal strength. Exchange orientation also moderated the association between underbenefitedness and maintenance behaviors such that a decline in maintenance behaviors was not as pronounced for those with lower exchange orientations as those with higher exchange orientations. Findings suggest the important role relational orientations may play in enacting our relationships.

Combinatorial Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Enabled by Non-Contact Printing

We demonstrate the utility of non-contact printing to fabricate the mAST—an easy-to-operate, microwell-based microfluidic device for combinatorial antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) in a point-of-care format. The wells are prefilled with antibiotics in any desired concentration and combination by non-contact printing (spotting). For the execution of the AST, the only requirements are the mAST device, the sample, and the incubation chamber. Bacteria proliferation can be continuously monitored by using an absorbance reader. We investigate the profile of resistance of two reference Escherichia coli strains, report the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for single antibiotics, and assess drug–drug interactions in cocktails by using the Bliss independence model.

On Causal Identification under Markov Equivalence

In this work, we investigate the problem of computing an experimental distribution from a combination of the observational distribution and a partial qualitative description of the causal structure of the domain under investigation. This description is given by a partial ancestral graph (PAG) that represents a Markov equivalence class of causal diagrams, i.e., diagrams that entail the same conditional independence model over observed variables, and is learnable from the observational data. Accordingly, we develop a complete algorithm to compute the causal effect of an arbitrary set of intervention variables on an arbitrary outcome set.

Farnesol increases the activity of echinocandins against Candida auris biofilms

Candida auris biofilms exhibit decreased susceptibility to echinocandins, which is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Farnesol is a quorum-sensing molecule enhancing the activity of antifungals; therefore, we evaluated the in vitro effect of farnesol with anidulafungin, caspofungin, or micafungin against biofilms using fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICI), Bliss independence model, LIVE/DEAD-assay and scanning electron microscopy. Based on mathematical models, farnesol caused synergism in eleven out of twelve cases (FICIs range 0.133-0.507; Bliss synergy volume range 70.39–204.6 μM2%). This was confirmed by microscope images of combination-exposed biofilms. Our study showed the prominent effect of farnesol with echinocandins against C. auris biofilms.

A reference model for the combination of an arbitrary number of drugs: A generalization of the Bliss independence model

It is commonplace to determine the effectiveness of the combination of drugs by comparing the observed effects to a reference model that describes the combined effect under the assumption that the drugs do not interact. Depending on what is to be understood by non-interacting behavior, several reference models have been developed in the literature. One of them is the celebrated Bliss independence model, which assimilates non-interaction with statistical independence. Intuitively, this requires the dose-response curves to have zero as minimal effect and one as maximal effect, a restriction that was indeed adopted by Bliss. However, we show how non-interaction can be interpreted in terms of statistical independence, while nevertheless allowing arbitrary values for the minimal and the maximal effect. Furthermore, our reference model allows the maximal effects of the dose-response curves to be different. In a first step, we construct a basic reference model for the case of two drugs and where the maximal effects of the two individual dose-response curves are assumed to be equal. By relying on the notion of non-interaction in terms of statistical independence, and by introducing two consistency principles, we show how a unique reference model can be derived. In a second step, a more general reference model, allowing the maximal effects to be different while still restricting to two drugs, is then easily constructed from the basic reference model. Finally, an induction step is applied to generalize the reference model to the case of an arbitrary number of drugs, allowing each dose-response curve to have a possibly different maximal effect. Although the minimal effect of the dose-response curves are restricted to be equal, which we show to be a necessary consequence of consistency rules, its value is arbitrary.Author summaryThe Bliss independence model is a very popular reference model for drug combinations, meaning that it predicts the combined effect of doses of given drugs under the assumption of non-interaction between these drugs. However, because Bliss described non-interaction as statistical independence, he thought that he had to assume that the minimal effect of all dose-response curves are zero, while the maximal effect of all dose-response curves are one. While it is acceptable that all dose-response curves have minimal effect zero, because this amounts to having a common reference state (i.e. the response when no drug at all is given), it is a severe restriction to force all dose-response curves to have maximal effect one. On the other hand, the Bliss independence model has the advantage that it relies on sound statistical theory, and the assimilation of non-interaction with statistical independence is rather intuitive. We have extended the Bliss independence model to allow the involved dose-response curves to have different maximal effects. This has been done in a rigorous way, where the statistical underlying theory that was used by Bliss remains essentially intact.