scholarly journals Assessment of intestinal parasites in the coexisting Bombus terrestris (Apidae) and Xylocopa augusti (Apidae) in central Chile

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiara Fernández ◽  
Jennifer Alcaíno ◽  
Dionisia Sepúlveda ◽  
Rodrigo Medel
Keyword(s):  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Carpenter Bee ◽  
Argentine Patagonia ◽  
Nosema Bombi ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens

Abstract Bombus terrestris is a European bumblebee extensively commercialized worldwide for crop pollination. In Chile, this species was introduced in 1997 and after confinement escape, it has spread and established in several localities of central-southern Chile and in the Argentine Patagonia. The South American carpenter bee Xylocopa augusti, in turn, has been recently reported in central Chile, and as B. terrestris, this species has become increasingly common, often found in sympatry with B. terrestris in some localities. While intestinal parasites such as the flagellate trypanosome Crithidia bombi, the microsporidium Nosema bombi, and the neogregarine protozoan Apicystis bombi, show high levels of specialization on the Bombus genus, parasites often increase their host range, especially after invading novel habitats, hence creating new infection disease scenarios. In this work, we used molecular techniques to detect the presence of the intestinal pathogens of B. terrestris in coexisting X. augusti from different localities in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Our results revealed the presence of the three pathogens in B. terrestris only, with population prevalence broadly similar to that reported in other studies. The carpenter bee X. augusti did not show evidence of any of the three parasites examined, indicating that this invader species is not recipient of any of the parasite species present in B. terrestris.

Presence and persistence of intestinal parasites in canine fecal material collected from the environment in the Province of Chubut, Argentine Patagonia

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sánchez Thevenet ◽  
O. Jensen ◽  
I. Mellado ◽  
C. Torrecillas ◽  
S. Raso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Fecal Material ◽  
Argentine Patagonia

Canine vector-borne pathogens in rural dogs in Chile: molecular survey and co-infection patterns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Cevidanes ◽  
Sophia Di Cataldo ◽  
Catalina Muñoz-San Martín ◽  
Claudia Hernández ◽  
Maria Stefania Latrofa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Infection Pattern ◽  
Acanthocheilonema Reconditum ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Hematological Alterations

Abstract Background: Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) comprises a relevant and globally distributed group of disease agents. The aim of this study is to determine de co-occurrence of the most relevant CVBP of veterinary and zoonotic interest, in free-ranging, owned, rural dogs of central Chile, and to evaluate risk factors and potential “hidden” hematological alterations associated to pathogen co-infection by two or more pathogens.Methods: Nine groups of canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBP) were molecularly investigated in 111 free-ranging, owned rural dogs in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Results: At least one pathogen was detected in 75% of the dogs. The most prevalent agent was Anaplasma platys (36%), followed by Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum (CMhp; 31%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (Mhc; 28%), Trypanosoma cruzi (17%), Leishmania spp. (4.5%) and Acanthocheilonema reconditum (1%). DNA of Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Piroplasmida and Hepatozoon spp. was not detected. Thirty-eight dogs (34%) were coinfected, either by two (n=20), three (n=7), or four agents (n=1). The most common co-infection pattern was CMhp – Mhc (n=14). CMhp was involved in 71%, Mhc in 58%, and A. platys in 50% of the co-infections. Prevalence of A. platys was higher in juvenile than in adult dogs, whereas the opposite was found for CMhp and Mhc. Adult dogs had five times more probabilities of being coinfected than young animals. Dogs positive for A. platys were infested by a larger number of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks than uninfected individuals. At clinical evaluation, most of the animals were considered healthy, with only eight dogs (7%) presenting pale mucous membranes. Co-infected animals showed higher white blood cell count, segmented neutrophil count and GGT levels than non-co-infected dogs. Conclusions: This study represents the first report of Leishmania sp. in Chile. Clinically healthy but infected dogs as those studied here may act as reservoirs of CVBP, potentially contributing to the spread of these pathogens to other tick-exposed dogs as well as human beings or protected wild carnivores.

scholarly journals Paleogene Pseudoglyptodont Xenarthrans from Central Chile and Argentine Patagonia

2006 ◽  
Vol 3536 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALCOLM C. McKENNA ◽  
ANDRÉ R. WYSS ◽  
JOHN J. FLYNN
Keyword(s):  
Central Chile ◽  
Argentine Patagonia

scholarly journals Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis Infection in Schistosomiasis-Endemic Areas in South-Central Mali

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan K.M. Fofana ◽  
Maren Schwarzkopf ◽  
Mama N. Doumbia ◽  
Rénion Saye ◽  
Anna Nimmesgern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Giardia Intestinalis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
South Central ◽  
Concurrent Infections ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens ◽  
Stool Samples

Intestinal parasite infections are frequent causes of diarrhea and malnutrition among children in the tropics. Transmission of helminths and intestinal protozoa is intimately connected with conditions of poverty, including inadequate sanitation and hygiene. Concurrent infections with several intestinal pathogens may lead to excess morbidity. Yet, there is a paucity of epidemiological data from Mali. In this study, stool samples from 56 individuals, aged 2–63 years, from Bamako and Niono, south-central Mali were examined for intestinal parasites using stool microscopy. Additionally, stool samples were subjected to a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis. The predominant pathogens were Schistosoma mansoni and G. intestinalis with prevalences of 41% and 38%, respectively. Hymenolepis nana was detected in 4% of the participants, while no eggs of soil-transmitted helminths were found. Concurrent infections with G. intestinalis and S. mansoni were diagnosed in 16% of the participants. For the detection of G. intestinalis, PCR was more sensitive (100%) than RDT (62%) and microscopy (48%). As helminth-protozoa coinfections might have important implications for morbidity control programs, future studies should employ diagnostic tools beyond stool microscopy to accurately assess the co-endemicity of giardiasis and schistosomiasis.

Horizontal transmission success of Nosema bombi to its adult bumble bee hosts: effects of dosage, spore source and host age

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 1719-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. RUTRECHT ◽  
J. KLEE ◽  
M. J. F. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Transmission Success ◽  
Nosema Bombi ◽  
Evolutionary Epidemiology

SUMMARYParasite transmission dynamics are fundamental to explaining the evolutionary epidemiology of disease because transmission and virulence are tightly linked. Horizontal transmission of microsporidian parasites, e.g. Nosema bombi, may be influenced by numerous factors, including inoculation dose, host susceptibility and host population heterogeneity. Despite previous studies of N. bombi and its bumble bee hosts, neither the epidemiology nor impact of the parasite are as yet understood. Here we investigate the influence N. bombi spore dosage (1000 to 500 000 spores), spore source (Bombus terrestris and B. lucorum isolates) and host age (2- and 10-day-old bees) have on disease establishment and the presence of patent infections in adult bumble bees. Two-day-old bees were twice as susceptible as their 10-day-old sisters, and a 5-fold increase in dosage from 100 000 to 500 000 spores resulted in a 20-fold increase in the prevalence of patent infections. While intraspecific inoculations were 3 times more likely to result in non-patent infections there was no such effect on the development of patent infections. These results suggest that host-age and dose are likely to play a role in N. bombi's evolutionary epidemiology. The relatively low levels of horizontal transmission success are suggestive of low virulence in this system.

scholarly journals Landscape effects on wild Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) queens visiting highbush blueberry fields in south-central Chile

Apidologie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Vieli ◽  
Frank W. Davis ◽  
Bruce E. Kendall ◽  
Miguel Altieri
Keyword(s):  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
South Central ◽  
Landscape Effects

scholarly journals Prevalence of intestinal parasites among food handlers attending public health laboratories in Khartoum State, Sudan

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarig A. Gamar ◽  
Hassan H. Musa ◽  
Hisham N. Altayb ◽  
Mogeeb Kabbashi ◽  
Yassen Alsayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Food Handler ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Agar Culture ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens

Background:  Infections by intestinal pathogens especially protozoans and helminths are considered to pose a real health problem, particularly in the tropics.  They cause considerable morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. The high prevalence of these infections is closely correlated with poverty, poor environmental hygiene, and impoverished health services. This study aimed to detect prevalence and frequency of parasitic infections among food handlers in Khartoum Sudan.  Methods: Three hundred and fifty Food-handlers, attending public health laboratories in Khartoum, Sudan, for an annual medical check-up, were screened for intestinal parasites by four laboratory techniques viz. direct faecal examination, formal-ether concentration, Baermann technique and agar culture method. Results: The infection rate was 23.7% by Formol-Ether Concentration technique, followed by direct saline stool preparation (7.1%). Out of 83 positive samples the infection rate among different nationalities was as follows: Sudanese 68 (81.9%), Ethiopians 13 (15.7%), Syrians 2 (2.4%) and Egyptians 0 (0%). Intestinal parasites were more prevalent among males (73; 25.1%) than female food handlers (10; 16.9%). Three protozoans, nematodes, two tap worms and one trematode worm were detected among infected population: their frequency were as follows: Entamoeba histolytica (7.4%), Entamoeba coli (6.86%), Giardia lamblia (6%), Schistosoma mansoni (1.40%), Necator americanus (1.43%), Hymenolepis nana (0.68%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.68%), Taenia saginata (0.57%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.57%) and Trichostrongylus species (0.29%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of protozoan infections among food handler in Khartoum state, Sudan was 20.26% while the helminthic infections was 5.97%. Formol-ether concentration technique is better for detection of intestinal parasites than the direct faecal smear technique. Likewise, Barmann’s technique confirms detection of nematodes worms especially hookworms.

scholarly journals New historical records of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Patagonia

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma I. Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Panthera Onca ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Argentine Patagonia ◽  
South Central ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
North Western

Resumen: En este estudio se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de documentos históricos de la época de contacto con los europeos para evaluar la presencia histórica del jaguar (Panthera onca) en la Patagonia.  Dado que no existen registros escritos con anterioridad a la llegada del hombre europeo, entonces se buscó evidencia suplementaria en restos fósiles, etnografía, topónimos y nombres indígenas para la especie.  La evidencia disponible señala que la especie pudo haber alcanzado la región del Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile.  Aunque la información es escasa para permitir un análisis del patrón de distribución pasado en Patagonia, a escala regional se identificaron tres áreas de ocupación: noroeste de Patagonia, sur continental de Chile, y áreas cercanas a puertos naturales de la costa Atlántica.  El jaguar sobrevivió en el norte de la Patagonia Argentina y el Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile, hasta fines del siglo XIX, y se extirpó de la región centro-sur de Chile durante el siglo XVII.  Se discuten brevemente los probables factores que contribuyeron a la declinación y extinción del jaguar en la Patagonia.Palabras clave: Presencia histórica, Panthera onca, Patagonia. Abstract: An exhaustive review of written historical documents from the time of European contact was completed in order to examine the historic presence of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Patagonia.  Since prior to the arrival of the Europeans there are no written records, therefore supplementary evidence has been sought in fossil remains, ethnography, toponyms and indigenous names for the species.  There is evidence to suggest that the species may have occurred as far south as the Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile.  Although the available evidence is scarce to enable an analysis of the former distribution pattern in Patagonia, at a regional scale three main areas of occupation can be identified: north-western Patagonia, southern continental Chile, and the vicinity of natural ports in the Atlantic coast.  It is known that the jaguar survived in northern Argentine Patagonia and the Estrecho de Magallanes, Chile, until the late 19th century, and was extirpated in south-central Chile during the 17th century.  Probable factors contributing to the decline and extinction of the jaguar in Patagonia are briefly discussed.Key words: Historical occurrence, Panthera onca, Patagonia.

scholarly journals Accidental Poisoning with Nerium Oleander in Goat dairy in the Santiago Metropolitan Region in Chile

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (39) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Carlos Andrés Flores Olivares ◽  
Cristina Andrea Moraga Muñoz ◽  
Francisco López Eldredge ◽  
Javiera Isabel Pinto Morales ◽  
Lía Alejandra Navarrete Figueroa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Accidental Poisoning ◽  
Site Visit ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

A small dairy goat farm in central Chile stocked their troughs with ornamental plants and grasses, which were obtained after pruning the gardens of neighboring sectors. Twelve hours after the goats ingested this food, the farm registered a death toll of eight goats, all of which were adult females in their productive stage, before entering the milking parlor. The mortality episode lasted 84 hours and produced mortality and morbidity values of 48 and 54 percent, respectively (n = 52). During a visit to the farm, clinic inspections, autopsies, and sample tissues were obtained for microscopic analysis (the tissues specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution). The clinic inspection and microscopic analysis both confirmed that the animals had cardiovascular disease. The lesions were compatible with those produced by cardiac glycosides. During the site visit, Nerium oleander was found in the troughs, which suggested that the animals were poisoned by eating this plant. There was a high presence of this plant in the poisoned area, and it was not associated with the mortality episode before the on-site visit, which indicates that the authors should conduct training and inform producers about the handling and feeding of their animals

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