scholarly journals Healthcare financing in Egypt: a systematic literature review.

2022 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fasseeh ◽  
Baher ElEzbawy ◽  
Wessam Adly ◽  
Rawda ElShahawy ◽  
Mohsen George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Financing ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Google Search

Abstract Background The Egyptian healthcare system has multiple stakeholders, including a wide range of public and private healthcare providers and several financing agents. This study sheds light on the healthcare system’s financing mechanisms and the flow of funds in Egypt. It also explores the expected challenges facing the system with the upcoming changes. Methods We conducted a systematic review of relevant papers through the PubMed and Scopus search engines, in addition to searching gray literature through the ISPOR presentations database and the Google search engine. Articles related to Egypt’s healthcare system financing from 2009 to 2019 were chosen for full-text review. Data were aggregated to estimate budgets and financing routes. Results We analyzed the data of 56 out of 454 identified records. Governmental health expenditure represented approximately one-third of the total health expenditure (THE). Total health expenditure as a percent of gross domestic product (GDP) was almost stagnant in the last 12 years, with a median of 5.5%. The primary healthcare financing source is out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure, representing more than 60% of THE, followed by government spending through the Ministry of Finance, around 37% of THE. The pharmaceutical expenditure as a percent of THE ranged from 26.0 to 37.0%. Conclusions Although THE as an absolute number is increasing, total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP is declining. The Egyptian healthcare market is based mainly on OOP expenditures and the next period anticipates a shift toward more public spending after Universal Health Insurance gets implemented.

EXPENDITURE ON DRUGS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-622
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Total Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

In developed countries, generally 5% to 8% of GNP is spent on health care; during the past decade, health care expenditure has increased at a more rapid rate than GNP. Expenditure on pharmaceuticals represents 10% to 20% of the total health expenditure. In developing countries, figures vary widely but the pharmaceutical expenditure per capita per year may be below one U.S. dollar and may be as high as 50% of the total health care expenditure....

scholarly journals Association between Primary Healthcare and Medical Expenditures in a Context of Hospital-Oriented Healthcare System in China: A National Panel Dataset, 2012–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6917
Author(s):  
Mengping Zhou ◽  
Jingyi Liao ◽  
Nan Hu ◽  
Li Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
Medical Expenditures ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Physician Supply ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

Total health expenditure in China has grown considerably since a new round of health system reform was enacted in 2009. Researchers have shown that strengthening primary healthcare may be an option for countries to solve the rapid expansion of their medical expenditures. This study was designed to explore the association between the strength of primary healthcare and medical expenditures, in the context of the hospital-oriented healthcare system in China. A longitudinal ecological study was conducted using a 5-year panel dataset of 27 provinces in mainland China. The linear mixed effects regression model was used to assess the effects of primary healthcare-related metrics on medical expenditures, controlling for the provincial level specialty care physician supply and socio-economic parameters. All of the three primary healthcare-related metrics showed negative associations with the two medical expenditure parameters. Primary care physicians per 10,000 population was significantly associated with the per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.05), and the percentage of public health expenditure in total health expenditure was significantly associated with both per capita total medical expenditure and per capita hospital medical expenditures (p < 0.01 for both). Our study found negative associations between the primary healthcare capacity and medical expenditure in the context of hospital-oriented healthcare systems in China, adding to the previous evidence that primary healthcare may play a positive role in reducing medical expenditure. Policies on increasing the primary care physician supply and the public share of total health expenditure should be conducted to strengthen the primary healthcare system. With the gradual advance of medical reform and the policy inclination to primary healthcare, this will play a more important role in controlling the rapid growth of medical expenditure.

scholarly journals Challenges Encountered by Healthcare Providers in COVID-19 Times: An Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-356
Author(s):  
Mitali Sengupta ◽  
Arijit Roy ◽  
Arnab Ganguly ◽  
Kuldeep Baishya ◽  
Satyajit Chakrabarti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Societal Challenges ◽  
Workplace Challenges ◽  
Adaptive Resilience

Healthcare establishments are unique and complex. The Indian healthcare system comprises of public and private healthcare establishments. Different challenges are encountered by the healthcare professionals in their daily operations. The sudden emergence of COVID-19 posed a new threat to the already burdened healthcare system. The pandemic changed the healthcare paradox with newer workplace and societal challenges faced by the healthcare personnel. The purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents of workplace and societal challenges faced by the healthcare personnel. Our study conducted in Kolkata and other adjoining areas of West Bengal included respondents who volunteered for individual in-depth interviews. The sample size was kept at n = 20 after due technical considerations. Freelisting and pile sorting was done to generate clusters. The qualitative study identified five constructs with 18 items under workplace challenges and three constructs with five items under societal/community challenges. Workplace challenges included resource availability, adequacy and allocation, financial issues, perceived managerial ineffectiveness, inconsistent guidelines and perceived occupational stress, while societal/community challenges included dread disease, social adaptiveness and challenges related to essential services. A salience threshold was established and the multidimensional scaling provided four major clusters: financial support and sustainability, adaptive resilience, infection risk mitigation and healthcare facility preparedness. Suggestive actions for the identified challenges were summed as enhanced production of diagnostic kits through public–private partnership models and industrial production reforms. Enhanced testing facility for COVID-19 will help to identify new cases. Financial stresses need long-term sustainable alternative that will avoid pay cuts and unemployment. Treatment regimen, diagnostic protocols, waste disposal guidelines should be worked upon and leading national agencies be consulted for technical support, research and development.

Tunisia

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Uta Ouali ◽  
Rabaa Jomli ◽  
Yosra Zgueb ◽  
Fethi Nacef ◽  
Saïda Douki Dedieu
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Coordination Of Care ◽  
Public And Private

This chapter provides an overview of the current situation and the challenges Tunisia faces in the field of dementia care. Tunisia is a country in full demographic transition, witnessing an ageing of its population and an increase in dementia incidence and prevalence. There is growing awareness that the healthcare system needs to be better oriented towards this emerging problem. During the last 10 years, a number of public and private initiatives were implemented to improve diagnosis, treatment, training, and research on dementia. The major challenges facing dementia care in Tunisia include the need for early diagnosis and intervention, better coordination of care circuits, wider implementation of day care and residential care with the concurrent establishment of rigorous quality standards, and financial and psychological support for caregivers. Currently, a National Dementia Strategy is being developed in order to address these challenges. There is growing awareness among politicians and healthcare providers that the healthcare system needs to be more oriented towards the emerging problem of dementia in Tunisia. During the last ten years, a number of public and private institutions with focus on dementia care have been created. However, family members remain the cornerstone of dementia care in Tunisia. Currently, a National Dementia Strategy is being developed in order to address the following challenges: (1) the need for early diagnosis and intervention; (2) better coordination of care circuits; (3) wider implementation of day care and residential care with the concurrent establishment of rigorous quality standards; and (4) financial and psychological support for caregivers.

scholarly journals Improving The Slovenian Healthcare System By Examining Other European Healthcare Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-238
Author(s):  
Stanka Setnikar Cankar ◽  
Veronika Petkovsek
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Healthcare ◽  
Private Expenditure ◽  
European Healthcare ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Organisation Management

This paper focuses improving the Slovenian healthcare system by comparing it with the systems in place in the UK, Denmark, and France. The aim of the paper is to find and present the solutions required if the healthcare system in Slovenia is to be improved. Changes need to be made to the organisation, management, and financing of the Slovenian healthcare system in response to demographic changes and changes to the age structure of the population, the rapid development of new medical technologies, drugs, treatments, and globalisation. The paper outlines the main features of the Slovenian healthcare system and compares the structure of public and private expenditure and resources with the structures in place in the UK, Denmark, and France. Public and private healthcare providers and public-private partnerships in Slovenian healthcare are also presented and compared. An insight is given at the end of the paper into the current state of the Slovenian healthcare system and the required changes, with solutions proposed for improvements and reform. The proposed solutions include redefinition of an insured person’s status, changes to the insurance basis and rates, a redefinition of the basic basket of healthcare rights, the integration and networking of public healthcare institutions, and the separation of public and private healthcare providers. 

scholarly journals Diagnostic Radiology in Nigeria: A Country Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bukunmi Michael Idowu ◽  
Tolulope Adebayo Okedere
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Diagnostic Radiology ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Country Report ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
Radiology Training ◽  
Wide Range

Nigeria is located in West Africa. The Nigerian healthcare system is stratified into three tiers corresponding to the three tiers of government: primary (local), secondary (state), and tertiary (federal). In addition to this public health structure, private facilities play a significant role in healthcare delivery. Nigeria has a shortage of healthcare equipment and personnel, with a doctor per 1,000 population ratio of 0.17, which is one of the lowest on the African continent. Despite these challenges, a wide range of medical imaging services is available in the country, through a network of public and private facilities. The public healthcare system, which serves the majority of Nigerians, is weak due to lack of adequate funding, personnel and equipment. This gap is closely bridged by private healthcare facilities, which account for 70% of health services coverage in the country. Training in diagnostic radiology is evolving, with two postgraduate colleges being responsible for the regulation of radiology training in the country: the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria and the West African College of Surgeons. There are also higher institutions of learning which are responsible for the training of other imaging professionals. The major challenges of radiology practice in Nigeria are the unavailability of constant electricity as well as the problems of equipment availability and repair.

scholarly journals Coordination of care for multimorbid patients from the perspective of general practitioners – a qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Stumm ◽  
Cornelia Thierbach ◽  
Lisa Peter ◽  
Susanne Schnitzer ◽  
Lorena Dini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Care Process ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multimorbid Patients

Abstract Background In Germany, a decreasing number of general practitioners (GPs) face a growing number of patients with multimorbidity. Whilst care for patients with multimorbidity involves various healthcare providers, the coordination of this care is one of the many responsibilities of GPs. The aims of this study are to identify the barriers to the successful coordination of multimorbid patient care and these patients’ complex needs, and to explore the support needed by GPs in the care of multimorbid patients. Interviewees were asked for their opinion on concepts which involve the support by additional employees within the practice or, alternatively, external health care professionals, providing patient navigation. Methods Thirty-two semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 GPs and 16 medical practice assistants (MPAs) from 16 different practices in Berlin. A MPA is a qualified non-physician practice employee. He or she undergoes a three years vocational training which qualifies him or her to provide administrative and clinical support. The interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed using the framework analysis methodology. Results The results of this paper predominantly focus on GPs’ perspectives of coordination within and external to general practice. Coordination in the context of care for multimorbid patients consists of a wide range of different tasks. Organisational and administrative obstacles under the regulatory framework of the German healthcare system, and insufficient communication with other healthcare providers constitute barriers described by the interviewed GPs and MPAs. In order to ensure optimal care for patients with multimorbidity, GPs may have to delegate responsibilities associated with coordinating tasks. GPs consider the deployment of an additional specifically qualified employee inside the general practice to take on coordinative and social and legal duties to be a viable option. Conclusions The cross-sectoral cooperation between all involved key players working within the healthcare system, as well as the coordination of the whole care process, is seemingly challenging for GPs within the complex care system of multimorbid patients. GPs are generally open to the assignment of a person to support them in coordination tasks, preferably situated within the practice team.

Clinical trials — the personal perspective of the research physician?

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-263
Author(s):  
Maria Y. Egorova ◽  
Irina A. Shuvalova ◽  
Olga I. Zvonareva ◽  
Igor D. Pimenov ◽  
Olga S. Kobyakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Study Drug ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
To Receive

Background. The organization of clinical trials (CTs) requires the participation and coordination of healthcare providers, patients, public and private parties. Obstacles to the participation of any of these groups pose a risk of lowering the potential for the implementation of CTs. Researchers are a key human resource in conducting of CT. Their motivation for participation can have a significant impact on the recruitment and retention of patients, on the quality of the data collected, which determines the overall outcome of the study. Aims to assess the factors affecting the inclusion of Russian physicians-researchers in CT, and to determine their role in relations with patients-participants. Materials and methods. The study was organized as a part of the Russian multicenter face-to-face study. A survey was conducted of researchers from 10 cities of Russia (20172018). The participation in the survey for doctors was anonymous and voluntary. Results. The study involved 78 respondents. Most research doctors highly value the importance of research for science (4,84 0,39), society (4,67 0,46) and slightly lower for participating patients (4,44 0,61). The expectations of medical researchers are related to improving their financial situation and attaining new experience (n = 14; 18,18%). However, the opportunity to work with new technologies of treatment and diagnosis (n = 41; 52,56%) acted as a motivating factor. According to the questionnaire, the vast majority of research doctors (n = 29; 37,18%) believe that the main reason for patients to participate in CT is to receive quality and free medical care. The most significant obstacle to the inclusion of participants in CT was the side effects of the study drug (n = 38; 48,71%). Conclusions. The potential of clinical researchers in Russia is very high. The patient-participant acts for the research doctor as the subject of the study, and not the object, so the well-being of the patient is not indifferent to the doctor. However, the features of the functioning of our health care system form the motivation of doctors-researchers (additional earnings, professional self-development) and the way they perceive the motivation of patients (CT as an opportunity to receive quality medical care).

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