scholarly journals Captivity reduces diversity and shifts composition of the Brown Kiwi microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla A. San Juan ◽  
Isabel Castro ◽  
Manpreet K. Dhami
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
The North ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Host Health ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
16 S Rrna

Abstract Background Captive rearing is often critical for animals that are vulnerable to extinction in the wild. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which captivity impacts hosts and their gut microbiota, despite mounting evidence indicating that host health is affected by gut microbes. We assessed the influence of captivity on the gut microbiome of the Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli), a flightless bird endemic to New Zealand. We collected wild (n = 68) and captive (n = 38) kiwi feces at seven sites on the north island of New Zealand. Results Using bacterial 16 S rRNA and fungal ITS gene profiling, we found that captivity was a significant predictor of the kiwi gut bacterial and fungal communities. Captive samples had lower microbial diversity and different composition when compared to wild samples. History of coccidiosis, a gut parasite primarily affecting captive kiwi, showed a marginally significant effect. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate captivity’s potential to shape the Brown Kiwi gut microbiome, that warrant further investigation to elucidate the effects of these differences on health.

scholarly journals Captivity Reduces Diversity and Shifts Composition of the Brown Kiwi Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla A San Juan ◽  
Isabel Castro ◽  
Manpreet Kaur Dhami
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
The North ◽  
Its Gene ◽  
Host Health ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Shifts

Abstract BackgroundCaptive rearing is often critical for animals that are vulnerable to extinction in the wild. However, few studies have investigated the extent at which captivity impacts hosts and their gut microbiota, despite mounting evidence indicating that host health is affected by gut microbes. We assessed the influence of captivity on the gut microbiome of the Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli), a flightless bird endemic to New Zealand. We collected wild (n = 68) and captive (n = 38) kiwi feces at seven sites on the north island of New Zealand. ResultsUsing bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS gene profiling, we found that captivity was a significant predictor of the kiwi gut bacterial and fungal communities. Captive samples had lower microbial diversity and different composition when compared to wild samples. History of coccidiosis, a gut parasite primarily affecting captive kiwi, showed a marginally significant effect. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate captivity’s potential to shape the Brown Kiwi gut microbiome, but further investigation is needed to elucidate the effects of these differences on welfare.

scholarly journals A Review of Arabicization as a Controversial Issue of Language Planning in the Sudan

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Asjad Ahmed Saeed Balla
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Future Project

This paper tries to review the issue of Arabicization through languages policy in the Sudan by tracing the different periods of the ups and downs of this process in its social and political context. Arabization and Arabicization are two terms used to serve two different purposes. Arabization is the official orientation of the (ruling group) towards creating a pro-Arab environment, by adopting Arabic culture, Arabic language in addition to Islam as main features of Arabizing the Sudanese entity. The mechanism towards imposing this Arabization is through the use of Arabic, as the official language the group (government). Arabicization is an influential word in the history of education in Sudan. The Sudan faced two periods of colonialism before Independence, The Turkish and the Condominium (British-Egyptian) Rule. Through all these phases in addition to the Mahdist period between them, many changes and shifts took place in education and accordingly in the Arabicization process. During the Condominium period, the Christian missions tried strongly to separate the South Region from the North Region, and to achieve this goal the government fought against the Arabic language so it would not create a place among the people of the Southern Sudan. But in spite of all the efforts taken by the colonialists, Arabic language found its place as Lingua Franca among most of the Southern Sudan tribes. After independence, the Arabicization process pervaded education. Recently, the salvation revolution also has used Arabicization on a wider range, but Arabicization is still future project. Both Arabization and Arabicization are still controversial issues. 

Phylogeography and species delimitation in the New Zealand endemic, genetically hypervariable harvestman species, Aoraki denticulata (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi)

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Fernández ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complex Scenario

Aoraki denticulata, a widespread mite harvestman endemic to the NW South Island of New Zealand, was postulated to constitute an old lineage with deep genetic history. Expanding on previous studies, we explored its genetic diversity and population structure, phylogeography and diversification patterns. We also examined the systematic implications of such a complex scenario through species delimitation analyses under coalescent-based and barcoding gap discovery methodologies. Our results depict the deep evolutionary history of the A. denticulata lineage, which shows high geographic structure and low genetic connectivity among modern populations. Aoraki denticulata is further subdivided into three lineages: a lineage presently inhabiting the northern region of the Southern Alps (and including the subspecies A. d. major), a second lineage in the north-eastern part of the sampled land, and a third one occupying the south-eastern localities. When using species delimitation methods based on coalescence approaches, large numbers of cryptic species were estimated. Based on morphological and biological evidence, we thus argue that these methods may overestimate species in cases in which genetic divergence is unusually large and discuss the systematic implications of our findings.

scholarly journals Holocene sea-level change and estuary infill in North West Nelson, central New Zealand

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362110604
Author(s):  
David M Kennedy ◽  
Beth V Risdon ◽  
Josephine LD Woods
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Marine Transgression ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
North West ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Holocene Sea Level

The sedimentary sequences found within estuaries in the north west Nelson region of central New Zealand are investigated in order to quantify the timing of the end of the Post Glacial Marine Transgression. This region has been identified as being relatively stable in terms of vertical tectonic movement during the Holocene, but is yet to yield any reconstructions of eustatic sea level. In this study, we investigate the Holocene infill of a barrier estuary (Parapara Inlet) through sedimentological analysis and radiocarbon dating of 18 vibracores up to 4.2 m in length. It is found that the estuary infilled through a combination of lateral flood tide and fluvial delta progradation as well as vertical central basin infill. The central basin infilled at a consistent rate of 0.4 mm/year in both the mid (7.0–6.0 ka) and late-Holocene (2.5–1.5 ka). By the time of early human (Maori) settlement (c. 1 ka), the estuary surface was at low intertidal elevations with sediment being transported from the fluvial to tidal delta. A discernible change in sedimentation rates could not be associated with Maori settlement; however, infill rates increased to at least 12.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due hydraulic sluicing associated with mining. The sedimentary history of Parapara Inlet is compared to nearby Whanganui Inlet, d’Urville Island and Nelson to establish the character of regional Holocene sea level movement. It is found that relative sea level reached modern elevations between 8 and 7 ka in the region. The similarity between sea level curves for the end of the post glacial marine transgression (PMT) to other tectonically stable sites in northern New Zealand suggests that this curve can now be considered a true eustatic signal for the New Zealand archipelago.

scholarly journals The genomic ancestry, landscape genetics, and invasion history of introduced mice in New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Veale ◽  
James C. Russell ◽  
Carolyn M. King
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Invasion History ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Genomic Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper South ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Genomic Basis

1.SummaryThe house mouse (Mus musculus) provides a fascinating system for studying both the genomic basis of reproductive isolation, and the patterns of human-mediated dispersal. New Zealand has a complex history of mouse invasions, and the living descendants of these invaders have genetic ancestry from all three subspecies, although most are primarily descended from M. m. domesticus. We used the GigaMUGA genotyping array (~135,000 loci) to describe the genomic ancestry of 161 mice, sampled from 34 locations from across New Zealand (and one Australian city - Sydney). Of these, two populations, one in the south of the South Island, and one on Chatham Island, showed complete mitochondrial lineage capture, featuring two different lineages of M. m. castaneus mitochondrial DNA but with only M. m. domesticus nuclear ancestry detectable. Mice in the northern and southern parts of the North Island had small traces (~2-3%) of M. m. castaneus nuclear ancestry, and mice in the upper South Island had ~7-8% M. m. musculus nuclear ancestry including some Y-chromosomal ancestry – though no detectable M. m. musculus mitochondrial ancestry. This is the most thorough genomic study of introduced populations of house mice yet conducted, and will have relevance to studies of the isolation mechanisms separating subspecies of mice.

FARMING IN CENTRAL OTAGO

1966 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
J.M. Hercus
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of

CENTRAL OTAGO has a lore and a lure which set it apart from the rest of New Zealand. Its characteristics of geology, topography and climate, its history of occupation and exploitation, its scenery at once forbidding and yet strangely fascinating-these features combine to cast a spell from which few who have been exposed can ever fully escape. There is no formal boundary to the region. For the purposes of this paper it is defined as the area bounded by the Carrick and Old Man Ranges to the south, by the Lammermoor and Rock and Pillar Ranges to the east, by the Hawkdun and St. Bathans mountains, on the north, and west to Lakes Hawea, Wanaka and Wakatipu.

Geological history of the north-eastern ring plain of Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand

1996 ◽  
Vol 34-36 ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane J. Cronin ◽  
Vincent E. Neall ◽  
Alan S. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geological History ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ruapehu Volcano

Changes in characteristics of soils irrigated with processing wastewater from three New Zealand dairy factories

Soil Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Sparling ◽  
R. Littler ◽  
L. A. Schipper ◽  
B. Stevenson ◽  
L. Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spray Irrigation ◽  
Microbial Mass ◽  
Irrigated Soils

Application to land is the preferred method for the treatment of wastewaters in New Zealand. For land treatment to be effective, it is essential that the soils can accept the volumes of wastewater applied and degrade or store the constituents in the wastewater. We report on 14 soil chemical, biochemical and physical characteristics of soils (0–10 cm depth) used for wastewater treatment at the Fonterra dairy factories at Hautapu, Lichfield and Edgecumbe in the North Island of New Zealand. The soils are under grazed pasture for dairying and receive wastewater by spray irrigation. The soils were monitored approximately every 2 years between 1995 and 2005 and at the end of monitoring had been under irrigation for 10–26 years. Matched, non-irrigated pasture soils on adjacent dairy farms were sampled for comparison. The wastewater composition from the three factories differed, reflecting the products manufactured. Loadings were greatest at the Hautapu factory, which also had the longest history of irrigation (26 years). At all three sites, the physical characteristics of irrigated soils were very similar to their non-irrigated comparisons. A consistent trend was for microbial mass and activity, and particularly nitrogen (N) turnover, to be markedly greater on the irrigated soils. The C (carbon) : N ratios of irrigated and non-irrigated soils at Lichfield and Edgecumbe were similar, but at Hautapu the C : N ratio of irrigated soil was 8.3 and significantly (P < 0.05) lower than non-irrigated soil (11.1), suggesting little further capacity to store additional N as organic matter. Irrigation tended to increase the soil pH at all sites to above neutral even though the wastewater was acidic. We consider that the characteristics of irrigated soils at Edgecumbe and Lichfield factories are generally satisfactory. Fonterra is continuing to reduce loadings in both composition and volumes of wastewater irrigated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document