Vulnerabilities and integrity of precise point positioning for intelligent transport systems: overview and analysis

AbstractThe implementation of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) technology is expected to significantly improve road safety and traffic efficiency. One of the key components of ITS is precise vehicle positioning. Positioning with decimetre to sub-metre accuracy is a fundamental capability for self-driving, and other automated applications. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is an attractive positioning approach for ITS due to its relatively low-cost and flexibility. However, GNSS PPP is vulnerable to several effects, especially those caused by the challenging urban environments, where the ITS technology is most likely needed. To meet the high integrity requirements of ITS applications, it is necessary to carefully analyse potential faults and failures of PPP and to study relevant integrity monitoring methods. In this paper an overview of vulnerabilities of GNSS PPP is presented to identify the faults that need to be monitored when developing PPP integrity monitoring methods. These vulnerabilities are categorised into different groups according to their impact and error sources to assist integrity fault analysis, which is demonstrated with Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) methods. The main vulnerabilities are discussed in detail, along with their causes, characteristics, impact on users, and related mitigation methods. In addition, research on integrity monitoring methods used for accounting for the threats and faults in PPP for ITS applications is briefly reviewed. Both system-level (network-end) and user-level (user-end) integrity monitoring approaches for PPP are briefly discussed, focusing on their development and the challenges in urban scenarios. Some open issues, on which further efforts should focus, are also identified.

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Performance Analysis of Using the Next generation Australian SBAS with Precise Point Positioning Capability For Intelligent Transport Systems

2019 European Navigation Conference (ENC) ◽

10.1109/euronav.2019.8714173 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed El-Mowafy ◽

Norman Cheung ◽

Eldar Rubinov

Keyword(s):

Performance Analysis ◽

Precise Point Positioning ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Next Generation ◽

Intelligent Transport Systems ◽

Intelligent Transport ◽

Point Positioning

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A review of system integration and current integrity monitoring methods for positioning in intelligent transport systems

IET Intelligent Transport Systems ◽

10.1049/itr2.12003 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tarek Hassan ◽

Ahmed El‐Mowafy ◽

Kan Wang

Keyword(s):

System Integration ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Monitoring Methods ◽

Intelligent Transport Systems ◽

Integrity Monitoring ◽

Intelligent Transport

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A Comprehensive Study on Intelligent Transportation Systems

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE ◽

10.24113/ijoscience.v4i10.167 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (10) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Ankur Mishra ◽

Aayushi Priya

Keyword(s):

Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Integrated System ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Intelligent Transport System ◽

Intelligent Transport ◽

Transportation Sector

Transportation or transport sector is a legal source to take or carry things from one place to another. With the passage of time, transportation faces many issues like high accidents rate, traffic congestion, traffic & carbon emissions air pollution, etc. In some cases, transportation sector faced alleviating the brutality of crash related injuries in accident. Due to such complexity, researchers integrate virtual technologies with transportation which known as Intelligent Transport System. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) provide transport solutions by utilizing state-of-the-art information and telecommunications technologies. It is an integrated system of people, roads and vehicles, designed to significantly contribute to improve road safety, efficiency and comfort, as well as environmental conservation through realization of smoother traffic by relieving traffic congestion. This paper aims to elucidate various aspects of ITS - it's need, the various user applications, technologies utilized and concludes by emphasizing the case study of IBM ITS.

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An Illustrative Study of Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network Security using Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm

10.46610/josp.2021.v07i02.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Akshay Kumar MV ◽

Amogh C ◽

Bhuvan S Kashyap ◽

Drupad N Maharaj ◽

Shazia Sultana

Keyword(s):

Ad Hoc Networks ◽

Secure Communication ◽

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Advanced Encryption Standard ◽

Intelligent Transport System ◽

Road Accidents ◽

Intelligent Transport ◽

Hoc Networks

India accounts for the highest road accidents and traffic congestion globally. The necessity for a canny vehicle framework is of great importance. VANET, abbreviated as Vehicular ad hoc networks is a network created in an ad hoc manner where different vehicles can exchange useful information among each other with dedicated servers ensuring safe travel. Security in VANET has always been a challenge in implementing a real time intelligent transport system. VANET is a type of mobile ad-hoc, to give correspondences among close by vehicles and among vehicles and close by fixed hardware. Vehicular ad hoc networks are highly dynamic in nature and suffer from frequent path breakage due to the high velocity of the moving vehicle. Hence, there are many security challenges and different types of attacks that makes VANETs less secure. Therefore, providing secure dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) easefully with any loss of data or malicious nodes has been a major research area. The major concern being addressed in the paper is to provide secure communication and save lives in road accidents. The role of security is high and messages in DSRC send warning messages to other vehicles. If attackers change these messages, then accidents become a part of the network and users’ lives can be at risk. Different classes of attacks include monitoring attack, social attack, timing attack, application attack and network attack to name a few. Advanced encryption standard is a symmetric block encryption algorithm. There is no evidence to crack this algorithm till date. This paper will provide a detailed overview of VANET architecture, types of attacks on VANET, AES algorithm and its salient features and how this algorithm could be utilized to make intelligent transport systems secure.

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Reduction of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Pollutant Using Intelligent Transport Systems

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/836375 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mostofa Kamal Nasir ◽

Rafidah Md Noor ◽

M. A. Kalam ◽

B. M. Masum

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Intelligent Transport System ◽

Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽

Intelligent Transport

Greenhouse gas emitted by the transport sector around the world is a serious issue of concern. To minimize such emission the automobile engineers have been working relentlessly. Researchers have been trying hard to switch fossil fuel to alternative fuels and attempting to various driving strategies to make traffic flow smooth and to reduce traffic congestion and emission of greenhouse gas. Automobile emits a massive amount of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Intelligent transport system (ITS) technologies can be implemented to lower pollutant emissions and reduction of fuel consumption. This paper investigates the ITS techniques and technologies for the reduction of fuel consumption and minimization of the exhaust pollutant. It highlights the environmental impact of the ITS application to provide the state-of-art green solution. A case study also advocates that ITS technology reduces fuel consumption and exhaust pollutant in the urban environment.

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Integrity monitoring for Positioning of intelligent transport systems using integrated RTK-GNSS, IMU and vehicle odometer

IET Intelligent Transport Systems ◽

10.1049/iet-its.2018.0106 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 901-908 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ahmed El-Mowafy ◽

Nobuaki Kubo

Keyword(s):

Transport Systems ◽

Intelligent Transport Systems ◽

Integrity Monitoring ◽

Intelligent Transport

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OnTime application by Pixel, as sustainable mobility creating tool in the cities

AUTOBUSY – Technika Eksploatacja Systemy Transportowe ◽

10.24136/atest.2018.008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 12-15

Author(s):

Tadeusz Dyr

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Intelligent Transport System ◽

Essential Factor ◽

Sustainable Mobility ◽

Intelligent Transport Systems ◽

Intelligent Transport ◽

Theoretical Considerations

Intelligent transport systems are essential factor of dealing with cities’ communication issues. Their implementation enables sustainable mobility planning. In consequence it reduces congestions and transport’s negative impact on the environment. In this article, with theoretical considerations in the background, has been presented piece of one the most intelligent transport system – OnTime application by Pixel.

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Structuring tasks of control over driverless vehicles within intelligent transport systems

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2061 (1) ◽

pp. 012093

Author(s):

S E Buznikov ◽

V V Evgrafov ◽

A M Saykin

Keyword(s):

Transport Systems ◽

Intelligent Transport System ◽

Control Task ◽

Digital Models ◽

Urban Streets ◽

Intelligent Transport ◽

Progressive Development ◽

Structural Variables ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Control Traffic

Abstract The relevance of the research topic is defined by the global level of significance of the problem of creation and safe operation of driverless transport on public roads. The research objective was to develop a mathematical model of the problem that allows forming a scientifically grounded strategy for driverless transport progress. The Zwicky Morphological Box method was used as a research method, which allowed building a structured set of intelligent transport system variants. Variables corresponding to the hard-surfaced road types, the level of informational support in the form of digital road models and the level of control tasks with increasing complexity were used as structural variables. A complex of tasks required to control traffic or driving in closed territories, on highways, suburban motorways passing through human settlements, urban streets, and yards has been defined. The control task complexes of each consecutive level include the task complexes of all the previous levels, and the digital road models of a higher level contain the digital models of all the previous levels. The analysis of the obtained results allowed building a trajectory of progressive development of the driverless vehicle focus area within the field of control task levels, road types, and their digital models.

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MONITORING A SEMAPHORED CROSSROADS USING FPGA DE0

The Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty ◽

10.1515/sbeef-2017-0019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 34-39

Author(s):

G. Predusca ◽

M. Bogdan

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Traffic Monitoring ◽

Advanced Technology ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Intelligent Transport System ◽

Intelligent Transport ◽

Development Platform ◽

Quartus Ii

Abstract Intelligent Transport System (ITS) is a worldwide movement meant to use advanced technology to make the ground transport systems more efficient, clogging-free, more secure and less polluting. The present technologies permit the development of applications for traffic monitoring in a semaphored crossroads. The solution proposed is a low-cost one, using FPGA DE0 development platform. The implementation and simulation of the application have been realized in Quartus II 13.1 and the diagrams corresponding to the outputs and inputs have been obtained using ModelSim- Altera 10.1d.

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