Sources of academic stress among Iranian adolescents: a multilevel study from Qazvin City, Iran

Abstract Background Academic stress can cause mental and physical problems and affect adolescents’ healthy development. This study aimed to estimate academic stress and explore its sources at the individual- and school levels among school-going adolescents in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results This cross-sectional study used a stratified cluster sampling to recruit 1724 students aged 12–19 years from 53 schools in Qazvin City. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The mean academic stress score was 45.7 (95% CI 45.2, 46.3). The stress level was statistically higher among older 47.5 (95% CI 46.7, 48.3) than younger 44.1 (95% CI 43.4, 44.9) adolescents. The main academic stressors included: future uncertainty 69.7 (95% CI 68.8, 70.7), academic competition 58.5 (95% CI 57.3, 59.6), and interaction with teachers 56.1 (95% CI 55.3, 56.9). Gender, educational period, school type, family socioeconomic status, and father’s education were associated with academic stress. Conclusions We conducted a multilevel study using a random sample of male and female students in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results indicated moderate levels of stress among Iranian adolescents. The academic stress was associated with several individual and school-level variables. Students and their families and teachers need education on stress prevention methods and coping mechanisms. Future research should focus on developing and testing multilevel policies and interventions to improve students’ mental health and academic performance.

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Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Generation Z: A cross-sectional study in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Public Health of Indonesia ◽

10.36685/phi.v7i4.460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 139-144

Author(s):

Chevin Ramadhan Hadiwijaya ◽

Muhammad Imam Zan Zabiyla Analuddin ◽

Ayikacantya Sudayasa ◽

Muhammad Hoki Akbar ◽

Lilyana Aritonia Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Analytical Study ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Generation Z ◽

The Media ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Almost All ◽

The City

Background: Adequate health systems and effective strategies are needed to increase trust and acceptance in vaccines. Generation Z is more concerned with environmental issues related to the pandemic situation.Objective: This study aimed to assess the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Generation Z.Methods: This was an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design on generation Z in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, from May to July 2021. The samples were taken by cluster sampling using faculty classification. Data was collected using a questionnaire with a google form, included the characteristics, knowledge regarding COVID-19 and vaccine, and the media information.Results: There were 396 participants. Most of them were 20 years (52.6%), female (74.8%), and Muslim (93.7%). About 61.6% live outside the city and had insurance (77.3%). Half of the participants knew the COVID-19 symptoms (51.26%), some participants were hesitant (11.8%) and did not even know (0.76%). Almost all participants were aware of the COVID-19 vaccination program (99.2%), benefits (95.2%), side effects (84.1%), and knew the contents of the COVID-19 vaccine (62.1%). Most of them were willing to take the COVID-19 vaccine (77.8%). However, 17.93% were hesitant, and 4.29% were unwilling to participate. Most participants were not trusting vaccines (43.9%), did not feel the need (29.3%), and felt access was not easy (26.8%). Most of them used social media to get information about COVID-19 (89.1%).Conclusion: Generation Z has a good acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, even though there are still doubts and rejects. Accurately and sustainable information is needed.

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Pedestrians in Iran: Determinants of Unsafe Traffic Behaviors of Pedestrians

10.21203/rs.3.rs-121660/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Bakhtari Aghdam ◽

Homayoyn Sadeghi Bazargani ◽

Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽

Tahere Pashaie ◽

Koen Ponent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traffic Accidents ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Five Dimensions ◽

Positive Behaviors ◽

Traffic Violations ◽

Pedestrian Traffic ◽

The City

Abstract Background: Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in traffic accidents. This study investigates the determinants of traffic behaviors of pedestrians. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the behavior of 600 pedestrians in the city of Urmia, northwestern Iran, was evaluated from May to October 2018, using a pedestrian traffic behavior questionnaire consisting of five dimensions: traffic violations, traffic distraction, adherence to traffic rules, aggressive behavior, and positive behaviors. Cluster sampling was conducted among 30% of the health centers in each district of the city. Thereafter, individuals were randomly selected from each center depending on the covered population. Results: Although 17% of the pedestrians demonstrated safe traffic behaviors, over 85% were distracted, more than 80% did not comply with traffic laws, the majority violated rules and displayed no positive traffic behaviors, and half of the participants were aggressive. Age, gender, marital status, education level, daily walking rate, and transportation mode were significant predictors of traffic behavior.Conclusion: Most pedestrians demonstrate unsafe traffic behaviors. The youth, those who were single, those with lower education, and those with less walking rate showcased higher unsafe behaviors. Training and intervention programs should be implemented to improve all domains of pedestrian traffic behaviors factoring in age and other predictors.

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COVID-19-related stigma and its influencing factors: a nationwide cross-sectional study during the early stage of the pandemic in China

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048983 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. e048983

Author(s):

Tianyu Jiang ◽

Xudong Zhou ◽

Leesa Lin ◽

Yanzheng Pan ◽

Yuyuan Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Literacy ◽

Online Survey ◽

Early Stage ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Health Literacy ◽

Related Stigma ◽

The Individual ◽

The City

ObjectivesTo describe the situation of COVID-19-related stigma towards patients with COVID-19 and people from the city of Wuhan in China and to assess the associations between COVID-19-related stigma, health literacy and sociodemographic characteristics during March 2020, the early stage of the pandemic.DesignA cross-sectional online survey.SettingThe study surveyed 31 provinces in China.ParticipantsThis study surveyed 5039 respondents in China.Outcome measuresPublic stigma towards both patients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents was measured. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with public COVID-19-related stigma.ResultsAmong the participants, 122 (2.4%) reported themselves and 254 (5.0%) reported the communities they lived in as holding a stigmatising attitude towards patients with COVID-19, respectively. Additionally, 114 (2.5%) and 475 (10.3%) reported that themselves and the communities they lived in, respectively, held a stigma against people from Wuhan, which was the most severely affected area in China. People aged over 40, lived in areas with severe epidemics (adjusted OR (aOR)=2.03, 95% CI (1.05 to 3.92)) and who felt it difficult to find and understand information about COVID-19 (aOR=1.91, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.37); aOR=1.88, 95% CI (1.08 to 3.29)) were more likely to stigmatise patients with COVID-19. People who were male, aged 41–50 and had difficulty understanding information (aOR=2.08, 95% CI (1.17 to 3.69)) were more likely to stigmatise people from Wuhan.ConclusionsPatients with COVID-19 and Wuhan residents suffered stigma at both the individual and the community levels. Those who had low health literacy, who lived in areas with a large number of COVID-19 cases and who were of ethnic minorities were more likely to stigmatise others. Tailored interventions are encouraged to improve health literacy and consequently to reduce public COVID-19-related stigma.

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Association of bullying behaviour with smoking, alcohol use and drug use among school students in Erbil City, Iraq

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/2021.27.5.483 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 483-490

Author(s):

Beena Shawki ◽

Tariq Al-Hadithi ◽

Nazar Shabila

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Public Schools ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Future Research ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Effective School ◽

Wide Range

Background: Substance use and bullying are prevalent among adolescents and have a wide range of adverse outcomes. The association of bullying with substance use has not been examined in Kurdistan and Iraq, which have suffered from the effects of long-term conflict and economic hardship. Aims: To examine the association between each form of bullying among adolescents and substance use. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of public schools in Erbil City, Iraq in 2017. The study involved 1070 adolescents selected from 35 schools using a multistage cluster sampling method. A self-reported close-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. Male and female students attending grades 7–12 and aged 13–18 years were included. Results: The overall prevalence of bullying behaviour was 60.0%; 30.8% were victims, 26.2% were bully-victims, and 3.0% were bullies. There was a significant association between different forms and categories of bullying and substance use. The strongest association was with the students involved in sexual bullying, followed by racial and cyber bullying. The strongest association between bullying and substance use was found in the bully-victim category, followed by victims and bullies. Conclusions: Substance use and bullying behaviour seem to be widespread problems among adolescents in Erbil schools. Substance use is significantly associated with different categories of bullying behaviour. There is a need for effective school-based preventive interventions to tackle these problems. Future research needs to examine the likely direction of the association between bullying and substance use.

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Use Of Tobacco And Related Products In Adolescents Of An English Medium School, Belgaum- A Cross Sectional Questionnaire Based Study

Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry ◽

10.5005/johcd-10-2-48 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 48-51

Author(s):

N Navik ◽

SS Billur ◽

MA Tejashiwini ◽

V Sanglikar ◽

A Dhyani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sampling Method ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

School Level ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adolescent Students ◽

The City ◽

Self Administered Questionnaire ◽

Harmful Effects

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Majority of adults are aware of health hazards of tobacco, children and adolescents continue to get exposed to tobacco and many develop cancer in later years. AIM To document the smoking and tobacco consumption habits in adolescents in an English Medium school of age group between 17-18 years in the city of Belgaum. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional survey was carried out by self-administered questionnaire to document the smoking and tobacco consumption among representative sample of 40 adolescent students selected by cluster sampling method. RESULTS In the School, 10% of students were using tobacco and cigarettes, 90% of students were not using them, 92.5% of students were aware of harmful effects of tobacco, supari and smoking, 92.5% of students saw other children using tobacco. CONCLUSION Health education should be given at school level to raise awareness about the use of tobacco, its related products and its consequences.

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Meat intake among adults: a population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil. A cross-sectional study

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/1516-3180.2015.01691609 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 134 (2) ◽

pp. 138-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jaqueline Contrera Avila ◽

Verônica Gronau Luz ◽

Daniela de Assumpção ◽

Regina Mara Fisberg ◽

Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros

Keyword(s):

Family Income ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Meat Intake ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health Situation ◽

The City

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Meat is a food with high nutritional density that has significant participation in the Brazilian diet. However, in excess it can cause harm to health. The aim of this study was to analyze the meat intake (g/day) among adults according to sociodemographic, behavioral and health situation characteristics, and to assess the types of meat most consumed. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional population-based study conducted in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2008 and 2009. METHODS: Two-stage cluster sampling was used. The analysis included 948 adults between 20 and 59 years, who were participants in the Campinas Health Survey. Meat intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall. RESULTS: The mean meat intake adjusted for sex and age was 182.3 g (95% CI: 170.6-193.9 g), with significantly lower intake among women, individuals aged 50 years or over, those with the presence of two or more self-reported chronic diseases and those with three or more health complaints. Higher meat intake was found in segments with intermediate monthly family income (between 1 and 3 minimum wages), those with 16 or more appliances per household and those who consumed soft drinks seven days a week. Beef was consumed most frequently (44%) among the meats in the diet, followed by poultry, fish and pork. CONCLUSION: The data from this study reveal high meat intake in the population of Campinas and identify the segments that need to be prioritized for strategies directed towards appropriate meat intake.

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Multilevel effects of alcohol among early adolescents in an urban school district

The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research ◽

10.7895/ijadr.273 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 88-94

Author(s):

Julie Croff ◽

Ronald Cox ◽

Isaac Washburn ◽

Chao Liu ◽

Clinton Broadbent

Keyword(s):

School District ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Urban School ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

School Level ◽

Urban School District ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Individual Level ◽

Peer Deviance ◽

The Individual

Aims: To examine how interpersonal interactions within and between the social networks formed by teachers, parents, students, and others shape the unique culture of the school, which in turn, reciprocally exerts a determining influence on each individual in the network. Design: Cross-sectional study exploring whether factors associated with alcohol use at the individual level also exert influence on the culture of a school. Setting: Twelve middle schools within an urban school district in the Midwestern United States. Participants: Seventh grade students (N = 1,620). Measures: Lifetime alcohol use behaviors; mothers’ and fathers’ involvement in their child’s education; and peer deviance. Findings: The findings of this study suggest that as parents’ involvement in education increases, and as peer deviance decreases, there are direct benefits to the child, and a protective effect for other children within the school when, in the aggregate, parental involvement increases and peer deviance decreases. Conclusions: The effect of interventions to improve parent involvement and reduce peer deviance, with examinations at the individual-level and school-level, warrant future study.

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Pedestrians in Iran: Determinants of unsafe traffic behaviors of pedestrians

10.21203/rs.3.rs-66747/v3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Bakhtari Aghdam ◽

Homayoyn Sadeghi Bazargani ◽

Parvin Sarbakhsh ◽

Tahere Pashaie ◽

Koen Ponnet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traffic Accidents ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Centers ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Transportation Mode ◽

Pedestrian Traffic ◽

The City ◽

Traffic Behavior

Abstract Objective: Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in traffic accidents. In this cross-sectional study, the behavior of 600 pedestrians in Iran, using a pedestrian traffic behavior questionnaire. Cluster sampling was conducted among 30% of the health centers in each district of the city. Thereafter, individuals were randomly selected from each center depending on the covered population. Results: Although 17% of the pedestrians demonstrated safe traffic behaviors, over 85% were distracted, more than 80% did not comply with traffic laws, the majority violated rules and displayed no positive traffic behaviors, and half of the participants were aggressive. Age, gender, marital status, education level, daily walking rate, and transportation mode were significant predictors of traffic behavior.

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Cereal-based Complementary Foods Marketed in the City of Yaounde: Assessment of the Compliance to Labeling and Nutritional Composition Standards

The Open Nutrition Journal ◽

10.2174/1874288202014010001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Mvogo N. Rolly ◽

Djouhou F. Michelle ◽

Saha F. Brice ◽

Kuagny M. Blaise ◽

Mafogang Borelle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Well Being ◽

Good Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The City ◽

Infants And Young Children

Background: Complementary foods are foods intended for consumption by infants and young children to supplement then replace their milk diet. Compliance with labeling and nutritional composition standards conditions their nutritional quality. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the compliance level of Cereal-based Complementary Foods (CCFs) marketed in the city of Yaounde to related standards. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 125 mothers in 2 hospitals of Yaounde using probabilistic cluster sampling. The labelings and nutritional compositions of the most consumed CCFs coded as “ASC O”, “ASC I”, “ASC E” and “ASC A”, were compared to Codex Alimentarius standards at an acceptability threshold of 80%. Results: The labeling standards were 95.24%, 93.48%, 89.68% and 59.34% compliant for “ASC O”, “ASC I”, “ASC E” and “ASC A” respectively, 52.5%, 73.75%, 83. 75% and 35% for nutritional composition standards. 90% of these CCFs complied with labeling standards, while only 26% with nutritional composition standards. Conclusion: CCFs in Yaounde have as main defects: incomplete labels, labels with errors and falsities, protein and mineral deficiencies. Their producers, controllers, and buyers should respectively improve, control and seek their good quality for the well-being and good health of infants and young children.

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