scholarly journals Assessment of acute and sub-chronic neurotoxicity of Morus alba L. fruits in rodents

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Paul ◽  
Anshul Shakya ◽  
Md Kamaruz Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Limit Test ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Background Morus alba L. fruits are consumed since long for their nutritional and medicinal values. Although there were studies on the neuroprotective activity of the fruit extract, safety profile of the fruit extract is not yet explored as per the recommended standard guidelines over the central nervous system (CNS). The present work was aimed to assess the neurotoxicity profile of chemically characterized extract of M. alba L. fruits (MA) using validated OECD guidelines, i.e., 425 and 424 in rodents. Results Neurobehavioural parameters were examined for motor, sensory and behavioural responses using actophotometer, hot plate and light and dark box test, respectively as per OECD 424. Interestingly, no sign of mortality and/or adversity on mice treated per-orally with MA (2000 mg/kg) was observed during the limit test as per OECD 425. Further, rats treated with MA (1000, 300 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days, showed insignificant (p < 0.05) changes in body weight, food consumption, neurobehavioural responses, organ weights and biochemical, haematological and histopathological features when compared with vehicle-treated animals. Conclusion The outcome of findings suggests that MA is safe in acute oral as well as sub-chronic (28 days) administration in mice and rats respectively. MA (1000 mg/kg) did not pose any toxic sign and symptoms on neurobehavioural responses in rats even after 28 days repeated treatment in compliance with OECD 424.

A comparison of some pharmacological effects of naloxone and N-methylnaloxone in mice

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ramabadran ◽  
C. Suaudeau ◽  
J. J. C. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injection ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Opioid Antagonists ◽  
Hot Plate ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Derivatives Of

The effects of N-methylnaloxone following subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular administrations on nociception were investigated using the hot plate technique. Unlike naloxone, subcutaneous administration of N-methylnaloxone did not enhance the nociceptive reactions. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection of N-methylnaloxone produced antinociception and tremor. Compared with naloxone, N-methylnaloxone was very weak in precipitating the signs of abstinence in mice rendered acutely dependent on morphine. Two factors, poor penetration into the central nervous system and steric hindrance, might render N-methylnaloxone very weak and hence both these factors must be taken into consideration while analyzing the effects following quaternary derivatives of opioid antagonists.

scholarly journals Herbal Compounds Play a Role in Neuroprotection through the Inhibition of Microglial Activation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Fu ◽  
Jianmei Yang ◽  
Xingyu Wang ◽  
Pin Yang ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Since microglia possess both neuroprotective and neurotoxic potential, they play a crucial role in the central nervous system (CNS). Excessive microglial activation induces inflammation-mediated neuronal damage and degeneration. At present, numerous herbal compounds are able to suppress neurotoxicity via inhibiting microglial activation. Therefore, many researchers focus on pharmacological inhibitors of microglial activation to ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders. Further work should concentrate on the exploration of new herbal compounds, which characteristically inhibit microglial neurotoxicity, rather than modulating neuroprotection alone. In this review, we summarize these herbal compounds, which in the past several years have been shown to exert potential neuroprotective activity by inhibiting microglial activation. The therapeutic targets and pharmacological mechanisms of these compounds have also been discussed.

scholarly journals Permeability of Hypogymnia physodes Extract Component—Physodic Acid through the Blood–Brain Barrier as an Important Argument for Its Anticancer and Neuroprotective Activity within the Central Nervous System

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1717
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka ◽  
Aleksandra Majchrzak-Celińska ◽  
Przemysław Zalewski ◽  
Dominik Szwajgier ◽  
Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Glioblastoma Cell ◽  
Hypogymnia Physodes ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cox 2

Lichen secondary metabolites are characterized by huge pharmacological potential. Our research focused on assessing the anticancer and neuroprotective activity of Hypogymnia physodes acetone extract (HP extract) and physodic acid, its major component. The antitumor properties were evaluated by cytotoxicity analysis using A-172, T98G, and U-138 MG glioblastoma cell lines and by hyaluronidase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition. The neuroprotective potential was examined using COX-2, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity tests. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of the tested substances was examined, and the chemical composition of the extract was analyzed. For physodic acid, the permeability through the blood–brain barrier using Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay for the Blood–Brain Barrier assay (PAMPA-BBB) was assessed. Our study shows that the tested substances strongly inhibited glioblastoma cell proliferation and hyaluronidase activity. Besides, HP extract diminished COX-2 and tyrosinase activity. However, the AChE and BChE inhibitory activity of HP extract and physodic acid were mild. The examined substances exhibited strong antioxidant activity. Importantly, we proved that physodic acid crosses the blood–brain barrier. We conclude that physodic acid and H. physodes should be regarded as promising agents with anticancer, chemopreventive, and neuroprotective activities, especially regarding the central nervous system diseases.

scholarly journals Correction of cognitive-mnestic dysfunction of rats after ketamine anesthesia under the influence of heteroside

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Nootropic Drug ◽  
Antiamnestic Effect ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Today, in medical practice, a very promising direction of development can be the expansion of the range of primary and secondary neuroprotection drugs through the use of targeted synthesis of potential neuroprotective agents with analeptic effect. This is necessary to improve anesthetic safety during surgery and to alleviate post-anesthetic intoxication after anesthesia. Therefore, the aim of our study was to compare the neuroprotective activity of original derivatives of sulfur and nitrogen-containing heterocycles (heterosides) and reference drugs, which are already known in pharmacology (cerebroprotective agent with neurotrophic action ¾ cerebrocurin and nootropic drug with neuroprotective action ¾ noopept). In the course of the research, it was found that after ketamine anesthesia, the excitability of the central nervous system increases, the anxious behavior of animals increases, while the indicators of the research work of animals in the experiment sharply deteriorate. After 2 days or more (10 days) after the transferred ketamine anesthesia, a deterioration in mnestic functions was noted in this group of animals. With the introduction of 100 mg / kg of heteroside to a group of rats after ketamine anesthesia, the indicators of anxiety behavior and excitability of animals significantly decreased, their research activity increased, a pronounced antiamnestic effect was manifested, and the ability of animals to learn was increased as well. It also turned out that in terms of the degree of influence on the indicators of the cognitive-mnestic functions of the central nervous system, heteroside statistically significantly exceeds the comparison drugs cerebrocurin and noopept, which in turn showed high efficiency in reducing anxiety of animals, and also had an antiamnestic effect, but did not affect the ability of animals to learn.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective activity of a new erythropoietin formulation with increased penetration in the central nervous system

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (S8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Etcheverrigaray ◽  
Natalia Ceaglio ◽  
Mónica Mattio ◽  
Marcos Oggero ◽  
Ignacio Amadeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Vasopressin increases the central nervous system suppressive control over gill reflex behaviours and associated neural activity in Aplysia

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Lukowiak ◽  
J. A. Thornhill ◽  
K. E. Cooper ◽  
W. L. Veale
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Synaptic Efficacy ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Withdrawal Reflex ◽  
Neurohypophyseal Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Passive Membrane Properties

Exposure of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia to arginine vasopressin (10−12 M) reduces the amplitude of the gill withdrawal reflex, accelerates its rate of habituation, and causes a concomitant decrease in the number of action potentials evoked in gill motor neuron L7. The effects of vasopressin on both the reflex and the concomitant neural activity evoked in L7 were completely reversible. Vasopressin did not affect the passive membrane properties of L7. The results indicate that a vertebrate neurohypophyseal hormone can affect behavioural responses as well as modify the synaptic efficacy of the reflex pathway.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

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